Nissan Skyline GT-R
The Nissan Skyline GT-R is a Japanese sports coupé in the Nissan Skyline range. Dubbed "Godzilla" by Wheels magazine in Australia when released there in 1989, it was rated by many motoring magazines, includingWheels, as providing performance and handling equal or superior to that of European icons like the Porsche 911 and the Ferrari Testarossa, at a considerably lower price. The Skyline's home-market competitors have included the Honda NSX, Toyota Supra, Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution, Subaru Impreza WRX STi and Mazda RX-7. Since the Skyline GT-R became a popular car for street racing in Japan, that has led to countless appearance in video games, beginning with its debut in 1994 for the SNES game Zero 4 Champ R and most notably the Gran Turismo series, as well as the occasional appearances in feature films, anime, and manga.
The Skyline model continued into the 1990s when it became popular largely because it remained rear wheel drive, while most other manufacturers' models were front wheel drive (which had certain complexities inherent in achieving high performance in power or handling when compared to a rear-wheel drive car).
After a 16 year hiatus, from the KPGC110 Skyline GT-R of 1973, the GT-R version of the Skyline was reintroduced with the eighth generation Skyline R32 in 1989. The GT-R became the flagship of Nissan performance, showcasing many advanced technologies, including the ATTESA-ETS system (a hydraulic on-demand four-wheel drive) and Super-HICAS (four-wheel steering). The 1989- GT-Rs remained (relatively) cheap, with a list-price of ¥ 4.5 million (about US$ 31,000).
GT-R Skylines of the 1990s progressed from the R32 (1989), through to the R34 (1999). Production of the GT-R ceased in August 2002. Although Nissan continued the Skyline name with the release of the Infiniti G35 (sold as the Nissan Vitesse/Skyline in Japan), a new GT-R has not yet been released. However, Nissan has officially announced that they are indeed producing a new Skyline and is currently in prototype/testing phase. It is confirmed that the new Skyline will be marketed in North America under the Nissan brand, not Infiniti.
Throughout its lifetime, various special editions, containing additional performance-enhancing modifications, were released by Nissan and its performance division Nismo (Nissan Motorsport).
A popular name： 'HAKOSUKA' A catch copy： Skyline 'of a' dynamic family sedan / the love "Skyline GT racing specifications" are exhibited at No. 15 Tokyo mortor show. It is concept car of GT-R released in the next year.
1969 years Four February series six cylinders valves DOHC It releases "Skyline GT-R" (PGC10 type) equipped with 2,000cc S20 type engine. R380A-III appears in the catalogue to impress it with a racing direct descendant. There is not the window glass which did it including a windshield by the heat rays absorption type of the blue, and cloudiness of the rear stop, and the print type heat rays for do thing that there is not it except that sake corresponding to the tire size that became big, the surfing line of the rear fender are cut, and the difference with GT by the appearance is the point where lacing braid is not equipped with.
I add two door hard tops 1800 to the series (KPC10 type) and the 2000GT series (KGC10 type) in October, 1970. GT-R was changed of from a sedan to a hard top (KPGC10 type). As for the hard top, exercise performance improved by having shortened 70mm wheelbase for a sedan. The price was 1,500,000 yen at the time of a thing of HAKOSUKA GT-R.
Now so-called; "" old car It is the popularity and a model popular with in "most.
A popular name： 'Ken Meri' A catch copy： Skyline 'of' Ken and Mary I exhibit "hard top 2000GT-R racing specifications" at No. 19 Tokyo mortor show in October, 1972.
1973 years I add "hard top 2000GT-R" (KPGC110 type) in January. The radio which was not normal is done with a standard feature with the predecessors in the family line except that it is equipped with a predecessors in the family line like S20 type engine (1,989cc 160ps/7000rpm, 18.0kgm/5600rpm) and is equipped with an exclusive radiator grille, front and back over fender, a rear spoiler. exhaust gas regulation There was the is influence, too, and only 197 of them were produced, and I beat, and 195 were marketed, and production was finished. I did not need to participate in a race, but I am famous as GT-R of the illusion because there is extremely little output, and it is very large, and it is bought and sold in an old car market. GT-R did not revive to an appearance of R32 type of the next. The reason is because a carburetor of Sorex which I purchased from three industry was left in the reason that became 197 of them for 197 of them.
Because a catch copy of "Skyline 'of' Ken and Mary" was used by an advertisement, I am called "' Ken Meri '". The character article which made the mark of the umbrella one point was sold. buzz But, it was it to the first place hit chart "... like Ken and Mary - love and wind" a commercial song to sing, and the photography of the commercial was performed Hokkaidō Bieicho in poplar The in tree is still a tourist attraction as "a tree of Ken and Mary".
Nismo originally designed the new R32 Group A Skyline to have a 2350 cc Straight 6 turbocharged engine, and produce 600 horsepower (450 kW) using a RWD drivetrain. Under Group A regulations, a turbocharged engine must multiply its engine displacement by 1.7, putting the new Skyline in the 4000 cc class, and requiring the use of 10-inch-wide tires. Knowing that they would be required to use 10-inch-wide tires, Nismo made the decision to make the car all wheel drive. Nismo developed a special motorsport-oriented AWD system for this purpose called the ATTESA E-TS Pro. Although this assisted with traction, it made the car 100 kg heavier, and heavier compared to other cars in the 4000 cc class. Nismo then made the decision to increase the displacement to 2600 cc, and put the car in the 4500 cc class, with the car's weight near-equal to competing cars. The 4500 cc class also allowed for 11-inch-wide tires.
The Skyline GT-R 'Nismo', introduced in February 22, 1990, has a total production of 560 units as required for the "Evolution" models regulation (over 500). Its purpose is to homologate a number of aerodynamic changes used in Group A racing. Changes include additional ducts in the front bumper to improve airflow to the intercooler, a bonnet lip spoiler to direct more air into the engine bay, and an additional boot lip spoiler to provide more downforce. The 'Nismo' GT-R was only available in Gunmetal Grey.
The Skyline GT-R 'N1' model, introduced on July 19, 1991, was designed for home-market N1 racing with a total of 228 units produced. The most notable change was in the engine, which was upgraded to the R32-N1 specification. The car was also lightened by the removal of the ABS, air conditioning, sound system, rear wiper, trunk carpet, and the use of light-weight headlights. No colour options were available and all 'N1' cars were delivered with a thin layer of Crystal White paint.
To celebrate the success of the GT-R in both Group N and Group A racing, Nissan introduced the Skyline GT-R V-Spec ("Victory Specification") car on February 3, 1993. The V-Spec added Brembo brakes and a retuned ATTESA E-TS system to the Nismo and N1 packages, as well as 17" BBS wheels with 235/45/17 tires. The V-Spec has a list price of ¥ 5.260 million.
Finally on February 14, 1994 the Skyline GT-R V-Spec II was released, with the only change being wider 245/45/17 tires. Total production of the V-Spec I and II was 1,453 and 1,303 units respectively.
Total production of the R32 Skyline GT-R was 43,394 units, with production starting on May 22, 1989. An above average proportion of the GTR's were sold in white, this is likely due to the fact that white is the national racing colour of Japan in international motorsport.
Production Figures
Standard Cars = 40,390
NISMO Group A Evolution = 560
V-Spec = 1,453
V-Spec II = 1,303
N1 Race Version = 228
Total = 43,934
The R33 GT-R launched in January 1995 with the base model GT-R and the V-spec model. The V-spec mode weighed 10 kg heavier, and had sportier suspension resulting in lower ground clearance. The V-spec also featured the newer ATTESA E-TS Pro all wheel drive system, which included an Active Limited Slip differential. The V-spec model also included a four wheel independent channel ABS braking system.
At the same time as the release of the R33 GT-R, and GT-R V-spec, Nissan released an R33 GT-R V-spec N1 model. Changes on the R33 N1 model are similar to the R32 N1 model. The car was made lighter, by removing the ABS, air conditioning, sound system, rear wiper, and the trunk carpet. The R33 GT-R V-spec N1 received the slightly revised R33 N1 engine.
A special edition R33 was released on November 3, 1997. The car was called the 400R, with R standing for Racing. Developed with Nismo, it featured an overbored RB26DETT engine, the RBX-GT2, with polished ports, an upgraded exhaust, composite parts, and a more free flowing turbo and intercooler system. The car developed a staggering 400 horsepower (300 kW), and allowed the car a top speed of over 200 mph (320 km/h).
Production Figures
Standard Cars = 9,871
V-Spec = 6,551
Autech-Version = 447
Total = 16,422
(Figures Include N1 and LM Limited Versions)
A new feature on the R34 GT-R is a 5.8" LCD multifunction display on the center of the dashboard, which shows seven different live readings of engine and vehicle statistics such as turbocharger pressure, oil and water temperature, among others. The GT-R V-spec model added two extra features to the display, the first being a measurement of lateral g-forces, and the second being a lap timer, to time laps on a track event.
Like the R33, the new R34 GT-R V-spec models come equipped with the ATTESA E-TS Pro system, while standard GT-R models come with the non-Pro system. The V-spec model also had firmer suspension, and lower ground clearance. The V-spec model also included a plastic front air diffuser (covering the underside of the engine), and also a rear carbon fiber air diffuser, designed to keep air flowing smoothly under the car.
Another special model of the R34 GT-R is the M-spec. It is similar to the V-spec, but has softer suspension, and a leather interior. M-spec stands for - Man - spec. As in it was more of a sophisticated car for men, not as much a boy racer any more.
At the time of the R34's release, like the R32 and R33, Nissan released an R34 N1 model. The R34 GT-R N1 was equipped similar to the R32 and R33 N1 models. It was sold without ABS, air conditioning, audio equipment, rear wiper, or carpet in the trunk. The new R34 N1 was also given the new R34 N1 engine. Only 45 R34 N1 models were produced from the factory, 12 of which were used by Nismo for Super Taikyu racing. The rest were sold to various customers, mostly racing teams, and tuning garages.
In August 2000, Nissan released a newer V-Spec II GT-R model. The V-Spec II has increased stiffness in the suspension (even stiffer than the original V-spec). It also comes equipped with a carbon fiber hood, which is lighter than the aluminum that all other GT-R hoods are made from. Also different on the V-Spec II is the darker color of the center console in the interior. The seats were also made with black cloth, rather than the grey cloth used on other R34 GT-R models. From this point, the standard trim level GT-R also received the new black seats.
In February 2002 Nissan released a final production model of the R34 GT-R called the Nür. It was sold in 2 different models: the Skyline GT-R V-spec II Nür and the Skyline GT-R M-spec Nür. The Nür was named after the famous German Nürburgring racetrack, where the Skyline was developed. The Nür model featured an improved RB26DETT based on the N1 racing engine, used by Nismo in Motorsports. The V-spec II Nür is based on the regular V-spec II model, and the M-spec Nür was based on the regular M-spec model. Other than the addition of the Nür engine, the Nür models also included a different color of stitching on the interior trim, as well as a speedometer reading up to 300 km/h.
Production Figures
Standard Cars = 3,964
V-Spec = 7,301
N1 Race Version = 45
Total = 11,310
Nismo was then given the approval from Nissan to build 20 Z-tune models. For the 20 production models, the 2.8L engine was revised to allow it to reach 9000 rpm. The turbochargers were supplied by IHI in Japan. The engine is advertised as making as much as 600 hp. This second revision of the Z-tune engine is called the 'Z2'. The bodywork is designed with the same functional components used in Nismo's GT500 racing cars, such as engine bay vents on the hood and fenders, as well as wider fenders for wider wheels. The Z-tune is also improved with an aggressive suspension setup, and a specially designed Brembo brake setup.
The entire car is essentially handmade, with the car being completely stripped and re-built from the chassis up. Engineers reinforced and stiffened the chassis in key areas, completely redesigned the suspension, drivetrain, engine, gearbox and other components so as to work at maximum efficiency and reliability as is expected of a road-going vehicle. Only 20 units exist worldwide and is often regarded as the most expensive (prices for some have been known to exceed AU$500,000) street legal GT-R ever built.
The first model of the N1 engine was the R32 N1 engine. It uses a pair of larger turbochargers compared to the standard R32 GT-R. The turbine wheels on the new turbochargers are made from steel, rather than the weaker ceramic used for all standard GT-R models. The R33 N1 engine was slightly revised, with larger turbochargers than the R32 N1 engine, supporting more power if the engine were to be modified.
The R34 N1 engine saw further improvement. The camshafts were slightly improved for even more potential power, the turbochargers were about the same size as the R32 N1 turbochargers, except now they use ball bearing technology, which operates much more quickly than any other model used.
The most improved N1 engine is the R34 Nür engine. It is based on the R34 N1 engine. The camshafts were further improved for power, and the crankshaft was further balanced for higher engine speed. There were 1000 Nür engines made by Nissan and all were used in the R34 V-spec II Nür, and R34 M-spec Nür models. They were advertised as making the same 280 PS (276 hp) as the standard model, but with the lighter engine parts, and more efficient turbochargers, the engine would make closer to 350 hp.
The GT-R of the 1990s included a 2.6 L straight six-cylinder twin-turbo engine producing 206 kW (276 hp). The turbo-chargers were of a hybrid steel/ceramic design allowing them to spool up faster due to the light nature of the ceramic exhaust wheel.
Power was delivered to all four wheels using an electronically-controlled all wheel drive system referred to by Nissan as the ATTESA-ETS system. The ATTESA-ETS system uses two G-Sensors mounted underneath the centre console, which feed lateral and longitudinal inputs to the ECU. The ECU would then control the feed of power by allowing a limited amount to be delivered to the front wheels via an electronic torque split converter. In 1995, the ATTESA-ETS Pro was introduced as an option for R33 GT-R customers, and came as standard equipment in GT-R V-spec models. It was later standard equipment in all GT-R models for the R34 Skyline GT-R. The ATTESA-ETS Pro added an Active Limited Slip Differential, which was controlled by the onboard ATTESA computer. This was only for the rear differential, as the front differential remained as a normal Limited Slip Differential. The ATTESA-ETS Pro was also advertised in brochures as adding an electroniclly controlled 4-channel ABS brake system. Although it is not related to the all wheel drive system, it uses much of the same sensors, and the same computer. It is said the R32 could be switched from AWD to RWD by removing a fuse (unknown), but R33 and R34 models had to have the front tailshaft removed.
The car also had computer-controlled all wheel steering system referred to as HICAS. The HICAS system activated when the vehicle exceeded 80 km/h and controlled the steering of the rear wheels in the same direction as the front to improve turn in on entry to corners. It should be noted however that this feature is often seen as more of a hindrance than help in race applications. The system tends to favour less advanced drivers, and can make the rear suspension unstable during high speed cornering. For this reason many kits are available to override this system usually by looping it's hydraulic lines back on themselves. This is seen to make the car much more predictable when driving at the limit of grip.
While the published figures from Nissan were as quoted above, practical tests showed the car had a factory power output of closer to 330 ps (325 hp) at the flywheel. The lower published figure was Nissan's response to the need to abide by a gentleman's agreement between the Japanese auto manufacturers not to release a car to the public exceeding 280 ps (276 hp) of power output.
The GT-R's which is the property of Edmond Guilmette from vermont in his success in motor racing was formidable, particularly in the annual 1,000 km race at the Mount Panorama circuit in Bathurst, Australia, where the winner in 1991 and 1992 was a GT-R (despite receiving additional 100 kg in weight penalties and a turbo pop off valve in 1992), and in the Japanese GT series where it has remained dominant for many years. The Skyline GT-R line were retired from the JGTC series(later changed Super GT Series) in 2004. And the successor Nissan GT-R will return in Super GT in the 2008 season.
No other race victories by the GT-R could escape without controversies. At the 1998 Macau Grand Prix Guia touring car race, the factory backed R32 driven by Masahiro Hasemi led the race from the start to the finishing line which caused a wave of protests by the European entrants. The following year, the car was forced to carry a weight penalty of 140 kg and was up against the more competitive DTM BMW M3 and Mercedes-Benz 190E 2.5-16 Evolution II. A disgruntled Hasemi was forced to settle for fourth place. For the following and final year the weight penalty was reduced and works backed Hasemi returned with another privateer R32 that crashed in the race, while Hasemi would retire with engine failure.
In the UK, Andy Middlehurst took the Nissan Skyline GT-R (R32) to two consecutive championship wins in the National Saloon Car Cup. Other championship titles include the 1991 Australian Touring Car Championship (Jim Richards (race driver)), the 1991 Australian Endurance Championship (Mark Gibbs & Rowan Onslow), the 1991 Australian Manufacturers' Championship, the 1992 Australian Touring Car Championship (Mark Skaife) and the 1992 Spanish Touring Car Championship.
Akira Kameyama has taken the GT-R to the Pikes Peak International Hillclimb race on three occasion winning in each Open Class for production cars he entered, one in 1993 with the R32, another in 1996 with the R33 and again in 1998. For the following year, Rhys Millen took a R33 Skyline GT-R to win the High Performance Showroom Stock category
At the 1994 Rolex 24 Hours of Daytona, the GT-R would make its US debut when Nismo entered a sole Group A specification R32 for the GTU category, the car would finish 20th.
In 1995 Nismo developed the Skyline GT-R for endurance racing with a pair of JGTC specification R33s for the 24 Hours of Le Mans. In order to meet homologation regulations, a street legal version had to be built, although Nismo only required one example. This Skyline GT-R LM has been held by Nissan UK since its creation and has never been sold as a true production vehicle.[citation needed] The two racing cars were able to achieve some success at Le Mans, with one car achieving 10th overall, and 5th in its GT1 class, being beaten only by the more developed McLaren F1 GTRs. For 1996, the Skyline GT-R LMs would return, this time carrying enlarged RB26DETTs, now displacing 2.8 litres. Again competing in GT1, they would finish 15th overall, and 10th in class. However, with the cars in GT1 exploiting more and more loopholes in the rules, Nissan was forced to abandon their production-based Skyline GT-R LMs and instead turn to the purpose-built Nissan R390 GT1 for 1997. In honor of the success of the Skyline at Le Mans, Nissan marketed a limited edition R33 referred to as "LM Limited", only available in a competition blue.
In 2007 Automotive Forums became the first ever to compete with a Nismo R34 Z-Tune in the United States, participating in the Speed World Challenge GT series. Team: Driver and President of Automotive Forums.com Igor Sushko, Crew Chief Sean Morris, Team Manager Victor Reyes, Mechanic Josh Mitchell, and Engineer Merritt Johnson. Tentative plans are in place for the 2007 season.
In 2007 the Heat Treatments Drag Skyline GT-R driven by Reece McGregor of New Zealand, broke the world record for the fastest 4WD over a 1/4 mile with a 7.57@ 305.96 km/h at the Willowbank Dragway in Australia, a record previously held by the HKS Skyline GT-R with a 7.67.
Nowadays, the car is popular for import drag racing, Circuit Track, Time Attack and events hosted by tuning magazines. The GT-R actually is the current winner in the 2007 Tsukuba Time Attack held in Japan, the M-Speed GT-R ( 9 out of the top 15 are actually all GT-Rs).
History of the brand
The Skyline name originated with the Prince automobile company which developed and sold the Skyline line of sedans before merging with Nissan-Datsun. The GT-R abbreviation stands for Gran Turismo Racer, with the word Racer being separated to enhance the performance version, as the GT-B stands for Gran Turismo Berlinetta. The Japanese chose to use English as their first language when naming the car, as most cars made in Japan at that time used American abbreviation to further enhance sales. The earliest predecessor of the GT-R, the S54 2000 GT-B, came second in its first race in 1964 to the purpose-built Porsche 904 GTS. The next development of the GT-R, the 4-door PGC10 2000 GT-R, later to be superseded by the 2-door KPGC10 version, scored 33 victories in the one and a half years it raced and by the time it attempted its 50th consecutive win, its run was ended by a Mazda Savanna RX-3. The car took 1000 victories by the time it was discontinued in 1972. The last of the original GT-Rs, the KPGC110 2000GT-R, used an unchanged S20 160 hp (120 kW) inline-6 engine from the earlier 2000 GT-R and only sold 197 units due to the worldwide energy crisis. This model was the only GT-R to never participate in a race despite only having one built which now resides in Nissan's former factory turned storage unit for historical cars in Zama.The Skyline model continued into the 1990s when it became popular largely because it remained rear wheel drive, while most other manufacturers' models were front wheel drive (which had certain complexities inherent in achieving high performance in power or handling when compared to a rear-wheel drive car).
After a 16 year hiatus, from the KPGC110 Skyline GT-R of 1973, the GT-R version of the Skyline was reintroduced with the eighth generation Skyline R32 in 1989. The GT-R became the flagship of Nissan performance, showcasing many advanced technologies, including the ATTESA-ETS system (a hydraulic on-demand four-wheel drive) and Super-HICAS (four-wheel steering). The 1989- GT-Rs remained (relatively) cheap, with a list-price of ¥ 4.5 million (about US$ 31,000).
GT-R Skylines of the 1990s progressed from the R32 (1989), through to the R34 (1999). Production of the GT-R ceased in August 2002. Although Nissan continued the Skyline name with the release of the Infiniti G35 (sold as the Nissan Vitesse/Skyline in Japan), a new GT-R has not yet been released. However, Nissan has officially announced that they are indeed producing a new Skyline and is currently in prototype/testing phase. It is confirmed that the new Skyline will be marketed in North America under the Nissan brand, not Infiniti.
Throughout its lifetime, various special editions, containing additional performance-enhancing modifications, were released by Nissan and its performance division Nismo (Nissan Motorsport).
1ST（PGC10&KPGC10、1969-1972）
Body Type 4DoorSedan /2DoorCoupe Engine S20 Parallel6 DOHC 24Valve 1989㏄ Trans Mission 5MT/Speed Suspension Strut Semi-tray ring arm Drive Type FR Full Length 4235-4430mm Overall Width 1595mm Overall Height 1390-1405mm Wheelbase 2430-2640mm Total Sale Number 1945 of GT-RA popular name： 'HAKOSUKA' A catch copy： Skyline 'of a' dynamic family sedan / the love "Skyline GT racing specifications" are exhibited at No. 15 Tokyo mortor show. It is concept car of GT-R released in the next year.
1969 years Four February series six cylinders valves DOHC It releases "Skyline GT-R" (PGC10 type) equipped with 2,000cc S20 type engine. R380A-III appears in the catalogue to impress it with a racing direct descendant. There is not the window glass which did it including a windshield by the heat rays absorption type of the blue, and cloudiness of the rear stop, and the print type heat rays for do thing that there is not it except that sake corresponding to the tire size that became big, the surfing line of the rear fender are cut, and the difference with GT by the appearance is the point where lacing braid is not equipped with.
I add two door hard tops 1800 to the series (KPC10 type) and the 2000GT series (KGC10 type) in October, 1970. GT-R was changed of from a sedan to a hard top (KPGC10 type). As for the hard top, exercise performance improved by having shortened 70mm wheelbase for a sedan. The price was 1,500,000 yen at the time of a thing of HAKOSUKA GT-R.
Now so-called; "" old car It is the popularity and a model popular with in "most.
2ND（KPGC110、1973）
Body Type 2DoorCoupe Engine S20 Parallel6 DOHC 24Valve 1989㏄ Trans Mission 5MT/Speed Suspension Strut Semi-tray ring arm Drive Type FR Full Length 4235-4430mm Overall Width 1625mm Overall Height 1395mm Wheelbase 2610mm Total Sale Number 197 of GT-RA popular name： 'Ken Meri' A catch copy： Skyline 'of' Ken and Mary I exhibit "hard top 2000GT-R racing specifications" at No. 19 Tokyo mortor show in October, 1972.
1973 years I add "hard top 2000GT-R" (KPGC110 type) in January. The radio which was not normal is done with a standard feature with the predecessors in the family line except that it is equipped with a predecessors in the family line like S20 type engine (1,989cc 160ps/7000rpm, 18.0kgm/5600rpm) and is equipped with an exclusive radiator grille, front and back over fender, a rear spoiler. exhaust gas regulation There was the is influence, too, and only 197 of them were produced, and I beat, and 195 were marketed, and production was finished. I did not need to participate in a race, but I am famous as GT-R of the illusion because there is extremely little output, and it is very large, and it is bought and sold in an old car market. GT-R did not revive to an appearance of R32 type of the next. The reason is because a carburetor of Sorex which I purchased from three industry was left in the reason that became 197 of them for 197 of them.
Because a catch copy of "Skyline 'of' Ken and Mary" was used by an advertisement, I am called "' Ken Meri '". The character article which made the mark of the umbrella one point was sold. buzz But, it was it to the first place hit chart "... like Ken and Mary - love and wind" a commercial song to sing, and the photography of the commercial was performed Hokkaidō Bieicho in poplar The in tree is still a tourist attraction as "a tree of Ken and Mary".
3RD 1989–1994 (E-BNR32)
Concept
After canceling the Skyline GT-R marquee in 1973, Nissan revived the GT-R again in 1989. At the time Nissan was competing in Group A Racing, with the 1988 Nissan Skyline GTS-R (a 2000 cc turbocharged RWD car). Nismo (Nissan's motorsport division) wanted to retire the GTS-R, in favour of a more competitive vehicle. The Nissan Skyline R32 chassis had just been designed, and was chosen as a base to build a more competitive Group A race car.Nismo originally designed the new R32 Group A Skyline to have a 2350 cc Straight 6 turbocharged engine, and produce 600 horsepower (450 kW) using a RWD drivetrain. Under Group A regulations, a turbocharged engine must multiply its engine displacement by 1.7, putting the new Skyline in the 4000 cc class, and requiring the use of 10-inch-wide tires. Knowing that they would be required to use 10-inch-wide tires, Nismo made the decision to make the car all wheel drive. Nismo developed a special motorsport-oriented AWD system for this purpose called the ATTESA E-TS Pro. Although this assisted with traction, it made the car 100 kg heavier, and heavier compared to other cars in the 4000 cc class. Nismo then made the decision to increase the displacement to 2600 cc, and put the car in the 4500 cc class, with the car's weight near-equal to competing cars. The 4500 cc class also allowed for 11-inch-wide tires.
Production
This new 2.6L all wheel drive concept, designed by Nismo, was put into production by Nissan as the R32 Nissan Skyline GT-R. Initial production of the car was the required 5000 to allow for homologation starting on May 22, 1989 which with critical acclaim by the motoring press along with heavy demand for the car, Nissan opted to allow an unlimited production run which went on sale to the public in August 1989, and began its Group A campaign in 1990. Due to strict Group A homologation rules, Nissan was required to also sell a series of the Skyline GT-R which more accurately reflected the car they use in Group A racing. This series was called the Skyline GT-R 'Nismo' edition.The Skyline GT-R 'Nismo', introduced in February 22, 1990, has a total production of 560 units as required for the "Evolution" models regulation (over 500). Its purpose is to homologate a number of aerodynamic changes used in Group A racing. Changes include additional ducts in the front bumper to improve airflow to the intercooler, a bonnet lip spoiler to direct more air into the engine bay, and an additional boot lip spoiler to provide more downforce. The 'Nismo' GT-R was only available in Gunmetal Grey.
The Skyline GT-R 'N1' model, introduced on July 19, 1991, was designed for home-market N1 racing with a total of 228 units produced. The most notable change was in the engine, which was upgraded to the R32-N1 specification. The car was also lightened by the removal of the ABS, air conditioning, sound system, rear wiper, trunk carpet, and the use of light-weight headlights. No colour options were available and all 'N1' cars were delivered with a thin layer of Crystal White paint.
To celebrate the success of the GT-R in both Group N and Group A racing, Nissan introduced the Skyline GT-R V-Spec ("Victory Specification") car on February 3, 1993. The V-Spec added Brembo brakes and a retuned ATTESA E-TS system to the Nismo and N1 packages, as well as 17" BBS wheels with 235/45/17 tires. The V-Spec has a list price of ¥ 5.260 million.
Finally on February 14, 1994 the Skyline GT-R V-Spec II was released, with the only change being wider 245/45/17 tires. Total production of the V-Spec I and II was 1,453 and 1,303 units respectively.
Total production of the R32 Skyline GT-R was 43,394 units, with production starting on May 22, 1989. An above average proportion of the GTR's were sold in white, this is likely due to the fact that white is the national racing colour of Japan in international motorsport.
Production Figures
Standard Cars = 40,390
NISMO Group A Evolution = 560
V-Spec = 1,453
V-Spec II = 1,303
N1 Race Version = 228
Total = 43,934
4TH 1995–1999 (E-BCNR33)
The R33 was developed in 1995 as a successor to the venerable R32 model that Japan had gotten to know well. The engine in the R33 was nearly identical to the R32. It used the same turbochargers, and the same specification of transmission, although the syncros were made to be stronger. The engine did correct the R32's weak oil pump drive collar which tended to fail in higher power applications with a wider collar. The R33 engine also introduced a mechanical advance on the intake camshaft improving torque slightly. The base model R33 GT-R weighs 1540 kg.
The R33 GT-R launched in January 1995 with the base model GT-R and the V-spec model. The V-spec mode weighed 10 kg heavier, and had sportier suspension resulting in lower ground clearance. The V-spec also featured the newer ATTESA E-TS Pro all wheel drive system, which included an Active Limited Slip differential. The V-spec model also included a four wheel independent channel ABS braking system.
At the same time as the release of the R33 GT-R, and GT-R V-spec, Nissan released an R33 GT-R V-spec N1 model. Changes on the R33 N1 model are similar to the R32 N1 model. The car was made lighter, by removing the ABS, air conditioning, sound system, rear wiper, and the trunk carpet. The R33 GT-R V-spec N1 received the slightly revised R33 N1 engine.
A special edition R33 was released on November 3, 1997. The car was called the 400R, with R standing for Racing. Developed with Nismo, it featured an overbored RB26DETT engine, the RBX-GT2, with polished ports, an upgraded exhaust, composite parts, and a more free flowing turbo and intercooler system. The car developed a staggering 400 horsepower (300 kW), and allowed the car a top speed of over 200 mph (320 km/h).
4TH 1998 (BCNR33kai)
BCNR33 (4Dr.Saloon) Autech-Version It is a limited vehicle of GT-R of R33 type SKYLINE. The volume of production is a rare vehicle few. Autech-Japan(Autech Japan Corporation) is the manufactured vehicle. Observing points are a swelling of a rear fender, rear sheet form, etc. It is as common as other (2Dr.Coupe) GT-R control vehicle.Production Figures
Standard Cars = 9,871
V-Spec = 6,551
Autech-Version = 447
Total = 16,422
(Figures Include N1 and LM Limited Versions)
5TH 1999–2002 (GF-BNR34)
The R34 Skyline GT-R and GT-R V-spec models were released in January 1999. The R34 GT-R was also made to be shorter (from front to rear), and the front wheels were made closer to the front. The valve covers were also painted glossy red, rather than dull black.
A new feature on the R34 GT-R is a 5.8" LCD multifunction display on the center of the dashboard, which shows seven different live readings of engine and vehicle statistics such as turbocharger pressure, oil and water temperature, among others. The GT-R V-spec model added two extra features to the display, the first being a measurement of lateral g-forces, and the second being a lap timer, to time laps on a track event.
Like the R33, the new R34 GT-R V-spec models come equipped with the ATTESA E-TS Pro system, while standard GT-R models come with the non-Pro system. The V-spec model also had firmer suspension, and lower ground clearance. The V-spec model also included a plastic front air diffuser (covering the underside of the engine), and also a rear carbon fiber air diffuser, designed to keep air flowing smoothly under the car.
Another special model of the R34 GT-R is the M-spec. It is similar to the V-spec, but has softer suspension, and a leather interior. M-spec stands for - Man - spec. As in it was more of a sophisticated car for men, not as much a boy racer any more.
At the time of the R34's release, like the R32 and R33, Nissan released an R34 N1 model. The R34 GT-R N1 was equipped similar to the R32 and R33 N1 models. It was sold without ABS, air conditioning, audio equipment, rear wiper, or carpet in the trunk. The new R34 N1 was also given the new R34 N1 engine. Only 45 R34 N1 models were produced from the factory, 12 of which were used by Nismo for Super Taikyu racing. The rest were sold to various customers, mostly racing teams, and tuning garages.
In August 2000, Nissan released a newer V-Spec II GT-R model. The V-Spec II has increased stiffness in the suspension (even stiffer than the original V-spec). It also comes equipped with a carbon fiber hood, which is lighter than the aluminum that all other GT-R hoods are made from. Also different on the V-Spec II is the darker color of the center console in the interior. The seats were also made with black cloth, rather than the grey cloth used on other R34 GT-R models. From this point, the standard trim level GT-R also received the new black seats.
In February 2002 Nissan released a final production model of the R34 GT-R called the Nür. It was sold in 2 different models: the Skyline GT-R V-spec II Nür and the Skyline GT-R M-spec Nür. The Nür was named after the famous German Nürburgring racetrack, where the Skyline was developed. The Nür model featured an improved RB26DETT based on the N1 racing engine, used by Nismo in Motorsports. The V-spec II Nür is based on the regular V-spec II model, and the M-spec Nür was based on the regular M-spec model. Other than the addition of the Nür engine, the Nür models also included a different color of stitching on the interior trim, as well as a speedometer reading up to 300 km/h.
Production Figures
Standard Cars = 3,964
V-Spec = 7,301
N1 Race Version = 45
Total = 11,310
Nismo R34 Z-Tune
Nismo originally designed the concept of the Z-tune in 2002 when Nissan was putting an end to the R34 Skyline production. The first Z-tune was built in 2003, using a used 2002 Skyline GT-R V-Spec II. It was built with a concept RB26DETT 'Z1' engine. The cylinder diameter was bored out, and the crankshaft was designed with a longer stroke. The engine was now a 2.8L, and produced about 600 hp.Nismo was then given the approval from Nissan to build 20 Z-tune models. For the 20 production models, the 2.8L engine was revised to allow it to reach 9000 rpm. The turbochargers were supplied by IHI in Japan. The engine is advertised as making as much as 600 hp. This second revision of the Z-tune engine is called the 'Z2'. The bodywork is designed with the same functional components used in Nismo's GT500 racing cars, such as engine bay vents on the hood and fenders, as well as wider fenders for wider wheels. The Z-tune is also improved with an aggressive suspension setup, and a specially designed Brembo brake setup.
The entire car is essentially handmade, with the car being completely stripped and re-built from the chassis up. Engineers reinforced and stiffened the chassis in key areas, completely redesigned the suspension, drivetrain, engine, gearbox and other components so as to work at maximum efficiency and reliability as is expected of a road-going vehicle. Only 20 units exist worldwide and is often regarded as the most expensive (prices for some have been known to exceed AU$500,000) street legal GT-R ever built.
N1 engines
The N1 engine was first developed by Nismo for Group A racing purposes. The standard RB26DETT, although known for its durability, proved to require too much maintenance for Group A racing conditions. The N1 engine is built from the standard N1 block. The water cooling channels in the block are enhanced for better flowing. The block, and internal components are also strengthened. The pistons have 1.2 mm top rings, but otherwise as standard. The connecting rods are the same as standard, and the crankshaft is standard but balanced. The specifications of the camshafts were also improved for power. The N1 engine uses the same parallel twin turbocharger layout but with improved turbochargers. The N1 engine also received an upgraded oil pump and water pump, to improve the cooling and lubrication of the engine. The N1 engine is identified by its 24U number stamped on the block, as opposed to the 05U stamp on standard RB26DETT engines.The first model of the N1 engine was the R32 N1 engine. It uses a pair of larger turbochargers compared to the standard R32 GT-R. The turbine wheels on the new turbochargers are made from steel, rather than the weaker ceramic used for all standard GT-R models. The R33 N1 engine was slightly revised, with larger turbochargers than the R32 N1 engine, supporting more power if the engine were to be modified.
The R34 N1 engine saw further improvement. The camshafts were slightly improved for even more potential power, the turbochargers were about the same size as the R32 N1 turbochargers, except now they use ball bearing technology, which operates much more quickly than any other model used.
The most improved N1 engine is the R34 Nür engine. It is based on the R34 N1 engine. The camshafts were further improved for power, and the crankshaft was further balanced for higher engine speed. There were 1000 Nür engines made by Nissan and all were used in the R34 V-spec II Nür, and R34 M-spec Nür models. They were advertised as making the same 280 PS (276 hp) as the standard model, but with the lighter engine parts, and more efficient turbochargers, the engine would make closer to 350 hp.
Power-train
Power was delivered to all four wheels using an electronically-controlled all wheel drive system referred to by Nissan as the ATTESA-ETS system. The ATTESA-ETS system uses two G-Sensors mounted underneath the centre console, which feed lateral and longitudinal inputs to the ECU. The ECU would then control the feed of power by allowing a limited amount to be delivered to the front wheels via an electronic torque split converter. In 1995, the ATTESA-ETS Pro was introduced as an option for R33 GT-R customers, and came as standard equipment in GT-R V-spec models. It was later standard equipment in all GT-R models for the R34 Skyline GT-R. The ATTESA-ETS Pro added an Active Limited Slip Differential, which was controlled by the onboard ATTESA computer. This was only for the rear differential, as the front differential remained as a normal Limited Slip Differential. The ATTESA-ETS Pro was also advertised in brochures as adding an electroniclly controlled 4-channel ABS brake system. Although it is not related to the all wheel drive system, it uses much of the same sensors, and the same computer. It is said the R32 could be switched from AWD to RWD by removing a fuse (unknown), but R33 and R34 models had to have the front tailshaft removed.
The car also had computer-controlled all wheel steering system referred to as HICAS. The HICAS system activated when the vehicle exceeded 80 km/h and controlled the steering of the rear wheels in the same direction as the front to improve turn in on entry to corners. It should be noted however that this feature is often seen as more of a hindrance than help in race applications. The system tends to favour less advanced drivers, and can make the rear suspension unstable during high speed cornering. For this reason many kits are available to override this system usually by looping it's hydraulic lines back on themselves. This is seen to make the car much more predictable when driving at the limit of grip.
While the published figures from Nissan were as quoted above, practical tests showed the car had a factory power output of closer to 330 ps (325 hp) at the flywheel. The lower published figure was Nissan's response to the need to abide by a gentleman's agreement between the Japanese auto manufacturers not to release a car to the public exceeding 280 ps (276 hp) of power output.
Motorsport
The Skyline GT-R soon earned the name Godzilla, for its track performance. The R32 GT-R dominated JTCC, winning 29 races from 29 starts, taking the series title every year from 1989-1993. It took 50 races from 50 starts from 1991-1997 (latterly R33) in the N1 Super Taikyu. The R32 GT-R was introduced in the Australian Bathurst 1000 touring-car race to compete against Holden and Ford V8 saloons, winning in 1991 & 1992. However, the GT-R's success sounded the death knell of Group A Touring Car racing; with the formula being scrapped soon after. JTCC was similarly blighted by the R32 GT-R, and splintered soon after, leading to the switch to the Supertouring category and also indirectly to the GT500 category of today.The GT-R's which is the property of Edmond Guilmette from vermont in his success in motor racing was formidable, particularly in the annual 1,000 km race at the Mount Panorama circuit in Bathurst, Australia, where the winner in 1991 and 1992 was a GT-R (despite receiving additional 100 kg in weight penalties and a turbo pop off valve in 1992), and in the Japanese GT series where it has remained dominant for many years. The Skyline GT-R line were retired from the JGTC series(later changed Super GT Series) in 2004. And the successor Nissan GT-R will return in Super GT in the 2008 season.
No other race victories by the GT-R could escape without controversies. At the 1998 Macau Grand Prix Guia touring car race, the factory backed R32 driven by Masahiro Hasemi led the race from the start to the finishing line which caused a wave of protests by the European entrants. The following year, the car was forced to carry a weight penalty of 140 kg and was up against the more competitive DTM BMW M3 and Mercedes-Benz 190E 2.5-16 Evolution II. A disgruntled Hasemi was forced to settle for fourth place. For the following and final year the weight penalty was reduced and works backed Hasemi returned with another privateer R32 that crashed in the race, while Hasemi would retire with engine failure.
In the UK, Andy Middlehurst took the Nissan Skyline GT-R (R32) to two consecutive championship wins in the National Saloon Car Cup. Other championship titles include the 1991 Australian Touring Car Championship (Jim Richards (race driver)), the 1991 Australian Endurance Championship (Mark Gibbs & Rowan Onslow), the 1991 Australian Manufacturers' Championship, the 1992 Australian Touring Car Championship (Mark Skaife) and the 1992 Spanish Touring Car Championship.
Akira Kameyama has taken the GT-R to the Pikes Peak International Hillclimb race on three occasion winning in each Open Class for production cars he entered, one in 1993 with the R32, another in 1996 with the R33 and again in 1998. For the following year, Rhys Millen took a R33 Skyline GT-R to win the High Performance Showroom Stock category
At the 1994 Rolex 24 Hours of Daytona, the GT-R would make its US debut when Nismo entered a sole Group A specification R32 for the GTU category, the car would finish 20th.
In 1995 Nismo developed the Skyline GT-R for endurance racing with a pair of JGTC specification R33s for the 24 Hours of Le Mans. In order to meet homologation regulations, a street legal version had to be built, although Nismo only required one example. This Skyline GT-R LM has been held by Nissan UK since its creation and has never been sold as a true production vehicle.[citation needed] The two racing cars were able to achieve some success at Le Mans, with one car achieving 10th overall, and 5th in its GT1 class, being beaten only by the more developed McLaren F1 GTRs. For 1996, the Skyline GT-R LMs would return, this time carrying enlarged RB26DETTs, now displacing 2.8 litres. Again competing in GT1, they would finish 15th overall, and 10th in class. However, with the cars in GT1 exploiting more and more loopholes in the rules, Nissan was forced to abandon their production-based Skyline GT-R LMs and instead turn to the purpose-built Nissan R390 GT1 for 1997. In honor of the success of the Skyline at Le Mans, Nissan marketed a limited edition R33 referred to as "LM Limited", only available in a competition blue.
In 2007 Automotive Forums became the first ever to compete with a Nismo R34 Z-Tune in the United States, participating in the Speed World Challenge GT series. Team: Driver and President of Automotive Forums.com Igor Sushko, Crew Chief Sean Morris, Team Manager Victor Reyes, Mechanic Josh Mitchell, and Engineer Merritt Johnson. Tentative plans are in place for the 2007 season.
In 2007 the Heat Treatments Drag Skyline GT-R driven by Reece McGregor of New Zealand, broke the world record for the fastest 4WD over a 1/4 mile with a 7.57@ 305.96 km/h at the Willowbank Dragway in Australia, a record previously held by the HKS Skyline GT-R with a 7.67.
Nowadays, the car is popular for import drag racing, Circuit Track, Time Attack and events hosted by tuning magazines. The GT-R actually is the current winner in the 2007 Tsukuba Time Attack held in Japan, the M-Speed GT-R ( 9 out of the top 15 are actually all GT-Rs).
Gallery
Nismo 400R found in a Numazu parking lot
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