>>Toyota Tundra

Toyota Tundra

Toyota Tundra
Manufacturer	Toyota Motor Corporation
Production	2000–present
Assembly	Princeton, Indiana, USA San Antonio, Texas, USA
Predecessor	Toyota T100
Class	Full-size pickup truck
Layout	Front engine, rear-wheel drive / four-wheel drive
Related	Toyota Sequoia

The Toyota Tundra is a full-size pickup truck sold by Toyota that went into production in 1999 (as a 2000 model year vehicle), replacing the Toyota T100. Although similar to the T100 in size, the first generation Tundra had a more American look and feel and ultimately had something the T100 never had, a V8 engine underneath its hood. The Tundra was nominated for the North American Truck of the Year award and was Motor Trend magazine's Truck of the Year for the year 2000. As of 2007, the Tundra (now in its second generation) now holds 17% of the 1/2 ton fullsize pickup market beating the GMC Sierra in monthly sales, but still behind the class leading Dodge Ram, Chevy Silverado, and the best-selling Ford F-150 (in overall sales). The newest Tundra is built in San Antonio, Texas, and Gibson County, Indiana (where the original Tundra was solely constructed).

The first generation Tundra had many similarities with the old Toyota T100 and the smaller, more popular Toyota Tacoma. The biggest of those similarities was the use of the 3.4 liter V6 engine which was the top of the line engine in both the Tacoma and T100, while it became the base engine within the Tundra. The then new Tundra had an optional 32 valve 4.7 liter V8 powerplant which ultimately became the most desired engine of choice. The first generation Tundra also became the model upon which the original Toyota Sequoia full-sized SUV was based. The two vehicles shared a host of parts and accessories including the 4.7 liter V8 engine, wheels, tires, transmissions and interior components among them.Toyota Tundra is 2008 Motor Trend Truck of the Year.

First generation (2000-2006)

First generation
Production	2000–2006
Engine(s)	3.4 L V6 190 horsepower (2000-2004) 4.0 L V6 236 horsepower (2005-2006) 4.7 L V8 245 horsepower (2000-2004), 271 horsepower (2005-2006)
Transmission(s)	5-speed manual (2000-2004) 4-speed automatic (2000-2004) 6-speed manual (2005-2006) 5-speed automatic (2005-2006)
Wheelbase	128.3 in (3259 mm) Double Cab: 140.5 in (3569 mm)
Length	2000-04: 217.5 in (5525 mm) Double Cab: 230.1 in (5845 mm) 2005-06: 218.3 in (5545 mm)
Width	75.2 in (1910 mm) Double Cab & Limited: 79.3 in (2014 mm) Limited Double Cab: 79.7 in (2024 mm)
Height	SR5 V8 4WD: 71.1 in (1806 mm) 2000-04 SR5 Access Cab 4WD: 71.5 in (1816 mm) SR5 Stepside Access Cab 4WD: 71.3 in (1811 mm) Limited 4WD: 71.7 in (1821 mm) 2WD: 70.5 in (1791 mm) SR5 Access Cab 2WD: 70.7 in (1796 mm) Limited 2WD: 70.9 in (1801 mm) Double Cab 4WD: 74.4 in (1890 mm) Double Cab Limited 4WD: 75.0 in (1905 mm) Double Cab Limited 2WD: 74.6 in (1895 mm) Double Cab 2WD: 74.0 in (1880 mm)
Curb weight	3935–4215 lb (1785–1912 kg)

Publicly introduced in May 1999 as a 2000 model, the Tundra prototypes and "show trucks" were initially known as T150s. However, Ford and automotive pundits felt that this name was too close to the market-leading Ford F-150, and following a lawsuit by Ford, the production truck was renamed the Tundra (Toyota claimed they never truly intended to use the T150 name in actual production). Toyota then went ahead countersued Ford regarding the name of their then-released Lincoln LS sedan.

Toyota Tundra StepSide

The Tundra was slightly larger than the T100, but still suffered the perception of being too small and carlike to pose a serious threat to the domestic pickup trucks. With a production capacity of 120,000, sales were double the rate of the T100. The Tundra also had the largest initial vehicle sales for Toyota in its history (up until that time). Although the Tundra sold just under its production capacity every year it failed to impact sales of the Ford and GM trucks, though it arguably took some sales from Dodge. Still, it garnered impressive honors, including Motor Trend's Truck of the Year award for 2000 and Best Full- Size Truck from Consumer Reports. Built in a new Toyota plant in Princeton, Indiana, with 65 percent domestic content, the Tundra showed that Toyota was serious about closing the gap on the Big Three.

The engine choices available for the Tundra were a 24 valve 3.4 liter V6 engine that produced 190 horsepower and 220 ft·lbf (298 N·m) of torque and the Tundra's true gem, the 32 valve 4.7 liter V8 engine that produced 245 horsepower and 315 ft·lbf (427 N·m) of torque. A Toyota Racing Development (TRD) derived supercharger was already available for the 3.4 liter V6 that bumped horsepower to the 260 horsepower range and 260 ft·lbf (353 N·m) of torque range, but TRD introduced a supercharger for the V8 engine late into its second year of production that pushed the V8 numbers to the mid 300 horsepower range and torque to the 400 ft·lbf (550 N·m) range. Although the V6 supercharger is still widely available, the V8 supercharger is rarer and harder to find because of TRD stopping production of the device because of issues of its compatibility with the engine.

2003-2006 Toyota Tundra regular cab

The grille was updated for 2003 and the Double Cab version was added to the lineup in 2004. The Double Cab model was a true crew cab with four normal doors, with interior and exterior details copied from the Toyota Sequoia. Its bed is nearly 5 inches longer than the competing Nissan Titan or Ford F-150. It is also 13 inches longer and 3 inches taller than the Regular and Access cab versions. A new engine was introduced in 2005: a 4.0 liter V6 rated at 236 horsepower and 266 ft·lbf of torque, and the existing 4.7 liter V8 was updated with Toyota's VVT-i variable valve timing technology and was rated at 271 horsepower and 313 ft·lbf of torque. The 5-speed manual gave way to a 6-speed manual, and a 5-speed automatic replaced the 4-speed. With a towing capacity of just 6,800 lb (on the Double Cabs) and a 7,100 pounds towing capacity on the Access Cabs and Regular Cabs with a V8 engine, it still did not have enough muscle to compete with the heavy-duty offerings of the Big Three and Nissan. Domestic truck aficionados still derided it as a "7/8 scale" pickup.

Second generation (2007-Present)

Second generation
Production	2007-present
Engine(s)	4.0L V6 236 horsepower 4.7L V8 271 horsepower 5.7L V8 381 horsepower
Transmission(s)	5-speed automatic 6-speed automatic
Wheelbase	134.5, 145.7, 163.4
Length	234.5, 289.9
Width	79.9
Height	Regular Cab 4WD: 76.2 in (1935 mm) Regular Cab LB 4WD & Double Cab 4WD: 76.4 in (1941 mm) CrewMax 4WD: 76.0 in (1930 mm) Regular & Double Cab 2WD: 75.8 in (1925 mm) CrewMax 2WD: 75.6 in (1920 mm)

2007 Toyota Tundra regular cab

2007 Toyota Tundra Crew Max

A much larger Tundra was introduced at the 2006 Chicago Auto Show. It had lifted cues of its smaller brother the Toyota Tacoma along with some cues from the Toyota FTX concept truck. The truck had many enhancements, such as a towing capacity of up to 10,000+ lbs, a payload capacity of over 2000 lb, and a new 6-speed automatic transmission. The second generation Tundra has 3 engines available. A new 5.7 liter V8 that produces 381 horsepower and 401 pound feet of torque, a 4.7 liter V8 is rated at 271 horsepower and 313 pound feet of torque, and 4.0 liter V6 is rated at 236 horsepower and 266 pound feet of torque.

When the new Tundra first came out in February 2007 it was available in 31 configurations, which consisted of 3 bed lengths, 3 cab configurations, 4 wheel-bases,and 2 transmissions The new Double Cab replaces the previous generations Access Cab, and the all new Crew Max replaces the previous generations Double Cab, it is also built to compete with the Dodge Ram Mega Cab. The Double Cab is available with a 6 and a half foot bed, regular bed, or an 8 foot long bed, while the Crew Max is only available with a 5 and a half foot short bed. The Tundra also features a new 6-speed automatic transmission with a manual shift mode which is standard with the 5.7 liter, and gives it a 0-60 time of 6.3 seconds, and a quarter mile time of 14.7 seconds. The 5.7 liter is a VVT-i (Varible Valve Timing with intelligence) engine, which is built to deliver power and fuel economy. The Tundra 5.7 liter 4x2's are rated to deliver an estimated 20 miles to the gallon on the highway.

Toyota also tried to make the new Tundra useful for many construction workers, by including extra large door handles, deck rail system, integrated tow hitch, and headrests that can fit a worker with his hard hat on. The Tundra also includes a limited slip differential, Down Hill Assist Control (DAC), Hill Side Assist Control (HAC), and tailgate assist. Toyota also included a 400 watt/100 watt power outlett mounted in the bed, for all models that come with the Toyota Racing Development (TRD) package. However, its high starting MSRP of $22,290 makes it more expensive than the Chevy Silverado Work Truck (MSRP $17,860) and the base Ford F-150 (MSRP $17,345).

Some other changes Toyota included in the new Tundra are tow mirrors, a 27 gallon fuel tank, available 20 inch alloy wheels, backup camera, bluetooth, large center console(big enough to fit a laptop), extra-large disc brakes, and the aforementioned 6-speed automatic transmission.

The all new Tundra is assembled in two different locations, both inside the United States. The Standard and Double Cabs are assembled in "Truck Country" San Antonio, Texas, while the Crew Max are assembled in Gibson County, Indiana. Toyota Motor Company will assemble around 150,000 Standard and Double Cabs, and only 70,000 Crew Max's in 2007.

For 2008 model year Tundra arrives at dealers in mid-October. The 2008 model adds 13 variations bringing the total to 44 model varients. The 2008 models feature additional standard features at a lower price, it also includes a new "Grade" trim which is lower that the SR5 trim, but higher than the basic trim.

Sales

The Toyota Tundra has sold at or just under its production capacity since 2000. The Indiana factory can produce 130,000 Tundras a year. The Tundra has been on the market for more than half a decade, and has captured 17 percent of the full-size half-ton market. In the year 2000 Toyota sold 107,798 Tundra's, which was a huge step forward from the Toyota T100 pickup which sold roughly around 50,000 units. By 2005 Toyota Motor Company managed to sell 126,795 Tundra's. This still was no match for the best selling Ford F-150 which managed to sell 756,980 units that same year. With the added capacity of the San Antonio plant, Toyota plans to sell around 200,000 Tundra's for 2007.

Currently 70-80 percent of the Tundra sales are coming from the 5.7 liter, and 46 percent are coming from the Crew Max. The Double Cabs are also doing well, but the Standard Cabs are selling much slower than expected.

Toyota Tundra monthly sales (U.S.A.)
	January	February	March	April	May	June	July	August	September	October	November	December
2003								11485
2004	7829	7441	8671	8672	9663	8901	12098	10379	8973	9448	8689	11720
2005	8715	11063	12950	10932	10557	10212	11149	8255	7253	8919	10892	15632
2006	9459	10566	11800	8837	7974	8822	10285	11173	12609	10046	10469	12468
2007	6321	9669	13196	14200	17727	21727	23150	18919	19571	17868	14988

When the 07 Tundra went on sale at the end of January, sales started out slow. During the month of May, sales began to increase. Toyota sold around 17,000 Tundras for that month and 21,727 for June. June marked the very first time Toyota has sold more than 20,000 Tundras in one month. Gaining marketshare, Tundra sales for the month of July was 23,150, outpacing the GMC Sierra for that same month, although its sales were still dwarfed by the Sierra's corporate twin, the Chevrolet Silverado. In August 2007, sales slipped to 18,919 units compared to 23,150 in July.

Safety

The Tundra is currently the only full-size pickup to have earned the IIHS's Top Safety Pick. To meet the requirments the Tundra received an overall good score in frontal offset crash test. The highest possible rating for the side impact collision. A perfect score for rear crash protection. And standard stability control.

While the Tundra reamins Consumer Reports 2nd highest rated full-size pickup CR has questioned the Tundra's Top Safety Pick because the Tundra's stability control is disabled when the vehicle's 4X4 system is engaged. Toyota's response is that the Tundra does not feature a center differential because it would be a weak point in the drive train. However the stability control is still operational when only powered by the rear wheels.

NHTSA has given the Tundra a four-star out of five-star rating for both driver and passenger in their frontal crash test. A four star rating is given if there is a 11% to 20% chance of serious injury, while a five star rating is given when there is 10% or less chance of serious injury.

The differences between IIHS and NHTSA frontal crash protocol are that the IIHS test is an offset collision where a smaller portion of the structure absorbs the energy of the crash. This test is more demanding.

Early Camshaft Failures and Rear Propeller Recall

In May 2007 a Toyota spokesperson stated 20 camshaft failures occurred in Toyota's new 5.7L V-8 engine. Toyota says that this is due to a flaw in the casting of the camshafts, and that the supplier of the camshafts has since fixed the flaw. Toyota will replace the engines charge-free in the event of a camshaft failure. Toyota originally planned to begin selling the 5.7L engine in summer of 2007 but it was rushed into production for the February 2007 launch because product planners and dealers felt that the 5.7L V8 must be available during the launch.

As of October 19, 2007, Consumer Reports (which initially recommended all Tundras) no longer recommends the 4X4 Tundra until durability issues have been fixed. The 4x4 Tundra is predicted to have below average durability; however the 4x2 version remains recommended.

As of December 13, 2007, Toyota Motor Corp said that it is recalling 15,600 4X4 2007 model-year Tundras in the United States because a rear propeller shaft may separate at the joint. "There is a possibility that a joint in the rear propeller shaft may have been improperly heat treated, resulting in insufficient hardness," Toyota said. This may cause a section of the rear propeller shaft to separate at the joint, it added. There has been one reported case of abnormal noises in the affected vehicles. No accidents have been connected to the recall.

Tundra owners will be notified beginning in late-December 2007 and are requested to contact their local Toyota dealer for inspection. If the hardness is not correct, the dealer will replace the rear propeller shaft at no charge.

Heavy Duty Diesel and the Tundra Diesel Dually Project Truck

Toyota Motor Corporation has been eyeing the three-quarter and one-ton market for a while now, and they have announced that when the Tundra half-ton sales hit 200,000 units per year they will start production of a Tundra diesel. The two variations of it may be called the Tundra 2500HD and the Tundra 3500HD . It is speculated that Toyota will use a 6.4 liter V10 diesel that will produce anywhere from 380-420 horsepower and around 750 pound feet of torque. Motor Trend, and Car and Driver magazines have reported that production for a heavy-duty Tundra will start anywhere from late 2008 to 2010. An inside source from Toyota reported that the diesel will be a large displacement inline six cylinder, but no information regarding exact size or power/torque has been released.

During late-October at the 2007 SEMA autoshow Toyota showcased the Tundra Diesel Dually Project Truck. It is based on a heavily modified Tundra Crew Max. This Tundra features a Hino diesel engine, Eaton manual transmission, along with an extensive list of modifications.

High-resolution images are available in autoblog's gallery.

Nascar

In 2004, the Tundra joined the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series and got its first win at Michigan International Speedway on July 31 that year. In 2006, the Tundra got Toyota's first manufacturer championship winning 12 of the 25 races. The model also got the driver and owner championship with Todd Bodine and Germain Racing.

Hybrid

Toyota President Katsuaki Watanabe has stated that he would like to develop a hybrid electric version of the Tundra. However, Toyota faces several technical challenges that it must overcome before it could bring such a vehicle to market.

According to the Japanese newspaper Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Toyota is considering developing a gasoline electric hybrid Tundra, for sale in North America around as soon as possible. 2010.

Toyota may also introduce a diesel electric hybrid system for the Tundra. In Japan, the Toyota Dyna and Hino Dutro are light trucks produced by the Toyota Group that use diesel electric hybrid systems. The Hino Ranger is a medium to heavy duty cab-over truck that could also provide hybrid technology for the next generation Tundra.

In Review

Consumer Reports rates the Tundra as the 2nd best full-size pickup behind the Chevy Avalanche. It should be noted the Chevy Avalanche is technically an SUT or an SUV with a truck bed. The Avalanche's rear suspension features coil springs unlike traditional leaf-springs.

Canadian driver crowns the Tundra Truck King selecting it twice as best 1/2 ton with an engine larger than 5.0L and smaller than 5.0L.

Trailer Boats awards the Tundra with its 2007 Tow Vehicle of the Year award.

Motor Trend awarded the Tundra its 2008 Truck of the Year(TOTY). Other competitors were the Chevrolet Silverado HD, GMC Sierra HD, and Ford F-250, F-350 and F-450. While the Silverado, MT's 2007 TOTY was not in the competition; it was defeated by the Tundra in an earlier MT comparison as noted below.

Truck Trend (Motor Trend) magazine rates the Tundra ahead of its GM competitor in a three round battle. 1st Round 2nd Round Final Round

Edmunds gives the Tundra a first place finish in their 1/2ton comparison

Popular Mechanics Magazine ranks the Tundra 2nd behind the Titan in a full size pickup comparison.

Trivia

• The Toyota Tundra was the Motor Trend Truck of the year for the year 2000.

• In November 2007 the Tundra owned 10.19 percent of the full-size market, figure includes Dodge and GM 3/4 ton totals

• The Toyota Tundra is the best selling foreign full-size half-ton truck.

• The second generation Tundra is Edmunds.com's most significant vehicle of the year, and the Editor's Most Wanted Full-size truck.

• Some prototypes of the Tundra were given to racing legends Ivan "Ironman" Stewart and Rod Millen.

>>Toyota TownAce

Toyota TownAce

First generation Toyota Town Ace.

The Toyota TownAce (body type CR21) was introduced by Toyota in Japan in April 1983 as a short wheelbase mid-engined luxury 7/8 seat MPV resembling their Space Cruiser. A 4WD version (body type CR30) was introduced in December 1985. These were produced until a facelift in September 1993 to body type CR31 which ran until October 1996. It was available with either automatic transmission or manual transmission and petrol or diesel engine. Variants were badged as MasterAce (sometimes with "Surf" added) or LiteAce (sometimes with "FieldTourer" added). Top-end 7-seat TownAces were badged additionally "Royal Lounge". 8-seaters are often badged "Super Extra".

The left-hand drive Toyota Van for the USA market has a lot in common with the TownAce, but did not have all the luxury options, 4WD or the diesel engine.

When the TownAce models became available as grey market exports they became popular in UK, where new Spacecruisers had been sold for many years. A 10-year old TownAce was an attractive option for a reliable, cheap MPV with many luxury features - such as aircon/climate control and automatic transmission. The 2CT diesel engine is low powered but offers 30+ mpg (less than 10 L per 100 km).

Large numbers were also exported to Russia and clusters are found in many other countries including Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Tanzania etc.

UK grey import TownAce owners ran into two main issues — the need to keep the engine's ageing cooling system well-maintained and the lack of manuals or other documentation for doing any DIY repairs or maintenance. Websites and forums emerged to solve these problems and Toyota GB provided good support with supply of spare parts even though new TownAces had never been sold in UK. It happened that Toyota had produced a good repair manual (RM025E) for the 2CT diesel engine and Autodata had published a comprehensive TownAce manual, but only in Russian. Other information was gleaned from manuals for the related Toyota Van sold in USA and the Toyota Tarago sold in Australia.

1997-2003 Toyota TownAce

In 1997 the TownAce re-emerged as a completely different vehicle, more like a van than a MPV.

Post 1997 Specifications

• Engine Capacity - 1800 cc
• Doors - Available 4 & 5 Door
• Colour - White
• Seats - 3
• Fuel - Petrol

>>Toyota Tercel

Toyota Tercel

Toyota Tercel
Manufacturer	Toyota
Also called	Toyota Corolla Tercel Toyota Corsa Toyota Corolla II Toyota Tercel Windy Toyota Soluna
Production	1978-1999
Assembly	Toyota City, Japan
Successor	Toyota Platz/Echo
Class	Subcompact
Related	Toyota Paseo Toyota Starlet Chevrolet Nova Geo/Chevrolet Prizm Toyota Corolla Toyota RAV4 Toyota Sprinter Holden Nova

The Tercel was Toyota's entry-level vehicle in North America during the 1980s and 1990s. The Tercel was slotted between the Corolla and the Starlet, and was meant to offer basic affordable transportation while introducing young buyers to the Toyota brand. The Tercel was redesigned several times over its twenty year run. It was produced as a two-door sedan, a four-door sedan, a four-door wagon, and a hatchback with three- and five- door versions. By 1991, only the coupe and sedan were offered. 1999 was the last year the Tercel was produced; rising sticker prices . The Tercel is built on the same platform as the Toyota Paseo and the Toyota Starlet, and hence many parts (including the engines) are interchangeable.

The name "Tercel" comes from the Latin word for "one third", since the Toyota Tercel was slightly smaller than the Corolla. This was similar to the use of tiercel in referring to a male falcon, which is one-third smaller than the female. All Tercels were built at the Takaoka Plant in Toyota City, Japan.

The Tercel, like the Paseo, shares a similar platform to both the Toyota Starlet and Toyota Cynos. Several parts are interchangeable between the four.

First generation (1978-1982)

First generation
Production	1978-1982
Body style(s)	2-door sedan 3-door hatchback 4-door sedan
Layout	FF layout
Engine(s)	1.5L 60 hp (45 kW) I4
Transmission(s)	3-speed automatic 4-speed manual 5-speed manual

The Tercel was introduced in Japan in 1978, and in the United States in 1980; it was the first front-wheel drive vehicle ever produced by the automaker. Toyota named it the Corolla Tercel, hoping that the Corolla image — long known for quality and durability — would bring buyers to the new model. The Tercel's front-wheel drive design ensured that the vehicle delivered maximum interior space in a small package. It was originally sold as either a two-door coupe or a three-door hatchback, with each model powered by a 1.5 L SOHC four-cylinder engine producing 60 hp (45 kW). Transmission choices were either a four- or five-speed manual or a three-speed automatic.

1981 Toyota Tercel coupe

The new front-wheel drive design in the Tercel, unlike their previous front-wheel drive designs, did not have the engine transversely mounted. Rather, the engine was mounted longitudally, such that the transmission was mounted under the floorpan, as was standard in a rear-wheel drive car. Unlike a rear-wheel drive car, the transmission had a ring and pinion gear on the front part of the transmission, underneath the engine. Halfshafts then extended from the transmission to the front wheels.

For 1981, the Corolla Tercel received a new 62 hp (46 kW) Toyota A engine for improved drivability and lower emissions. Choice of bodystyles increased as well, with the addition of a four-door sedan.

Second generation (1983-1986)

Second generation
Production	1983-1986
Body style(s)	3-door hatchback 4-door sedan 5-door hatchback 5-door station wagon
Layout	Front engine, front-wheel drive / Four-wheel drive
Engine(s)	1.3L I4 1.5L I4
Transmission(s)	3-speed automatic 5-speed manual 6-speed manual 4-speed manual

Toyota Tercel 5-Door

For 1983, a full redesign took place. In addition to significant body, styling and interior changes, the vehicle also received a new name. Sales successes no longer necessitated the Corolla name association, and the vehicle was officially called the "Tercel" from that point onward. The second generation Tercel was available in three- or five-door hatchback models or a four-door station wagon. The station wagon was also available with either front- or four-wheel drive. The four-wheel drive model could be equipped with six-speed manual transmission, and could be shifted from two- to four-wheel drive without coming to a stop. The sixth gear it carried was an "Extra Low" (EL) first gear, a standard transmission gear with a very low (4.71:1) gear-ratio. The EL gear generated a 17.6:1 final drive ratio, giving the driver the torque needed to extract the vehicle from conditions which otherwise may have trapped it. Because of its low gear-ratio, it was suitable only for very low-speed use on loose or slippery road surfaces (such as snow, gravel, or sand.) Also included with the four-wheel drive model is a gauge above the radio and air conditioner that measures the tilt of the car. Standard front-wheel drive vehicles (and four-wheel drive wagons not equipped with the six-speed manual transmission) came with either a three-speed automatic or a five-speed manual transmission. The least expensive model, the base three-door, was available with a four-speed manual only.

The new Tercel 4WD was built from existing pieces in the Toyota inventory. The engine, transaxle and front wheel drive system was from the existing Tercel. The coil-sprung rear axle was taken from the Corolla. The only part specifically designed for the new Tercel 4WD was the transfer case, built into the transmission. This gave the driver greater versatility than was possible on a purely front-wheel drive vehicle, as it provided three different power arrangements. Normally, the car would be operated with front-wheel drive. When the driver pulled the 4WD selector lever back into four-wheel drive, or pressed a button on the gear selector for the automatic transmission, the power was split 50/50 between the front and rear axles via a direct mechanical coupling. There is no conventional center differential, so the four-wheel drive system could be used only on loose or slippery surfaces; otherwise the drivetrain would experience severe wear, and handling would be compromised. The third power option (which was only available on the six-speed manual) was low range. This isn't the same as the low-range power option found in a truck or conventional SUV, as the Tercel lacked a high-range/low-range transfer case. When the lever was placed in four-wheel drive mode it became possible to downshift the vehicle from first to EL.

1985 saw minor changes to gear ratios, and the interior was updated in 1986. The Tercel wagon continued the same design until 1988 (when it was replaced by a Corolla Sprinter based design), while the coupe, sedan and hatchbacks moved on to the newer design.

Europe

Versions available in Europe:

• 1.3 GL (3-door hatchback, 5-door hatchback)
• 1.5 GL (3-door hatchback, 5-door hatchback)
• 1.5 4WD (5-door estate, only version from 1986 onwards)

Third generation (1987-1990)

Third generation
Production	1987-1990
Body style(s)	2-door sedan 3-door hatchback 5-door hatchback 5-door station wagon (Previous generation)
Layout	FF layout
Engine(s)	1.5L 78 hp (58 kW) I4
Transmission(s)	3-speed automatic 5-speed manual 4-speed manual
Wheelbase	93.7 in (2380 mm) 95.7 in (2431 mm) (wagon)
Length	157.3 in (3995 mm) (hatchbacks) 166.7 in (4234 mm) (coupe) 169.7 in (4310 mm) (wagon)
Width	64 in (1626 mm) 63.6 in (1615 mm) (wagon)
Height	57.1 in (1450 mm) (wagon) 52.6 in (1336 mm) (2-door hatchback) 51.8 in (1316 mm) (sedan) 52.8 in (1341 mm) (4-door hatchback)

In 1987, the third generation Tercel was introduced. The new Tercel was larger and more luxurious than before, but it was still designed and built with ease of use and economy in mind. The main improvement in the Tercel was a new 12 valve 78 hp (58 kW) I4 engine which featured a defective variable venturi carburetor, replaced under an extended warranty and in 1988 and later models with improved carbs and later, EFI. Other improvements included revised rack-and-pinion steering and a newly-designed, fully-independent suspension. Regardless of these improvements, the Tercel continued in its role as Toyota's least expensive vehicle.

In 1988, Toyota brought out the Tercel EZ. It had a lower level of standard equipment than other Tercels, which allowed for an even lower price. These bare-bones models had vinyl upholstery, a four-speed manual transmission, rubber mats instead of carpeting, and the passenger's side sunvisor was deleted.

For the 1990 model year, the Tercel was available as either a three or five-door hatchback or a two-door sedan, the wagon having been discontinued. Also discontinued for 1990 was the four-wheel drive system; the Tercel was then only available with front-wheel drive. Hard to find is the Tercel Deluxe 4-door Liftback. Made only from 87 to 89, this model which came standard with a 5-speed manual transmission, custom wheels and rear defrost. A major innovation for 1990 was the introduction of non-motorized two-point passive seatbelts for the front-seat driver and passenger.

Toyota Tercel EZ hatchback

1989 Toyota Tercel 5-Door

Fourth generation (1991-1994)

Fourth generation
Production	1991-1994
Body style(s)	2-door sedan 3-door hatchback 4-door sedan
Layout	FF layout
Engine(s)	1.5L 82 hp (61 kW) I4
Transmission(s)	3-speed automatic 5-speed manual 4-speed manual
Wheelbase	93.7 in (2380 mm)
Length	161.8 in (4110 mm)
Width	64.8 in (1646 mm) (coupe) 65.4 in (1661 mm) (sedan)
Height	53.2 in (1351 mm)
Curb weight	914 kg (2015 lb)

Facelifted 4th gen Tercel DX coupe

For 1991, Toyota introduced the new fourth generation Tercel, which sported an all-new aerodynamic shape. Now available as either a two-door sedan or four-door sedan, the Tercel was powered by a further improved version of its 1.5 L 3E-E engine, which produced 82 hp (61 kW) at 5200 rpm (and 89 ft·lbf (121 N·m) of torque at 4400 rpm) and 1.5 L 5E-FE 16v DOHC which produced 110 hp (82 kW).

In Japan, the Tercel was also offered as 3 door Hatchback and 4WD versions. Hatchback models are VC, Joinus, and Avenue. Trim levels for Sedan are VE, VX, and VZ. The VZ is powered by 5E-FHE engine. The higher level Japanese sedan has different tail lights and better equipped interior than the export models.

North American models are Base Coupe, DX Coupe, DX Sedan, and LE Sedan. Colour-keyed bumpers, full wheel covers, and folded rear seat are optional on the DX, standard on the LE. The LE has red trunk garnish similar to Japanese model.

1993 saw a minor exterior redesign to the front and rear fascias, and a major boost toward a safer vehicle with the addition of a standard driver's side airbag. Also contributing to the vehicle's safety was the availability of optional anti-lock brakes. The Tercel was carried over to 1994 with no major changes, save for the addition of Haloalkane, a non-CFC refrigerant, in the air conditioning system.

Chile

In Chile, the Tercel was introduced in 1991 as the "Corolla Tercel", as a four door sedan with a 1.3 liter, SOHC twelve valves 78 hp (58 kW), 4 cylinder, carbureted engine. The "DX" basic version came with tachometer and four arm steering wheels. It gained moderate success due to the Corolla name. In September 1992 a facelifted version was introduced, which roughly matched the U.S. models, and came with a new 1.5 liter SOHC engine available. Since August 1993, the 1.3 liter version was discontinued, due to the new emission standards enforced by the government since September of the same year, which forced the use of 3-way catalytic converters. The catalytic version rapidly became quite successful.

Fifth generation (1995-1999)

Fifth generation
Production	1995-1999
Body style(s)	2-door sedan 3-door hatchback 4-door sedan
Layout	FF layout
Engine(s)	1.5L 93 hp (69 kW) I4
Transmission(s)	3-speed automatic 5-speed manual 4-speed automatic
Wheelbase	93.7 in (2380 mm)
Length	162.2 in (4120 mm) (1995-97) 162.7 in (4133 mm) (1998-99)
Width	64.8 in (1646 mm) (1998-99) 65.4 in (1661 mm) (1995-97)
Height	53.2 in (1351 mm)

Toyota Tercel 2-door sedan

For 1995, Toyota introduced an all-new Tercel. The new design offered a stiffer body with better handling and was one of only a handful of cars in the U.S. to have OBDII in 1995. Retaining its compact packaging and high quality, the new Tercel sported a completely redesigned exterior and an all-new engine. The Tercel now also offered standard driver's and passenger's side airbags in the United States, but only a driver's side bag for Canada. As well, three-point seatbelts for front and outboard rear passengers and adjustable shoulder-belt anchor points for front seat passengers were installed on four-door models. All models met federal standards for 1997 side-impact protection, and offered anti-lock brakes. Exterior styling was targeted toward the youthful buyer. Standard models came standard with only a 4 speed manual or automatic transmission and grey bumpers, while DX models were offered with the addition of body-colored bumpers and either a 5 speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission.

The interior emphasized a user-friendly environment, pushing the dash further away, but bringing the switches closer, which gave passengers a feeling of spaciousness and comfort. The all-new DOHC 1.5 L I4 engine provided 93 hp (69 kW) and 100 ft·lbf (140 N·m) of torque, offering a 13 percent power increase over the previous generation as well as a 15 percent increase in fuel economy. The new 5EFE engine gets 45mpg on the highway with a 5 speed manual transmission, making it the most fuel-efficient four-cylinder car of its time in the U.S. Collectively, these upgrades were considered to move the affordable Tercel solidly into the realm of vehicles one buys out of choice, rather than because it is the only one in its price range. Even with its upgrades, the Tercel remained Toyota's entry-level car.

For 1997, all Tercels were available only in the CE (Classic Edition) trim level and incorporated many of the standard and optional items from previous base and DX models. All Tercels came standard with a new 13 inch wheel and tire combination. Inside, the Tercel received a revised dashboard with rotary ventilation controls. Also, along with all Toyota models, the Tercel received revised seat fabric and door panels. The RedHawk and WhiteHawk editions were introduced in addition to the BlackHawk trim already offered, which came standard with air conditioning, 185/60r14 tires on custom wheels, a rear spoiler with integrated brake light, and hawk symbols to identify the special model.

For 1998, the Tercel received updated styling, highlighted by new jeweled multi-reflector headlights, a revised grille and front fascia design and clear lens turn signal lights for the front and rear.

The Tercel's rear styling was also enhanced with redesigned composite taillights and updated bumper molding. The new molding extended across the entire length of the rear bumper for added protection and a seamless look, just as it did in the Fourth Generation Tercels.

Production of the Tercel for the American market ceased in 1998 to make way for the 2000 Toyota Echo. Production for Canada, Puerto Rico and some other countries continued through 1999. Only a handful of 1999 Tercels exist in the States.

Chile

The fifth generation of Tercel was introduced in September of 1994, presented in the FISA auto Show of that year as the "All New Tercel Twin Cam”, available in three different levels: basic XLI, the medium GLI, and the full equipment LEI. All Tercel featured a 5E-FE 1.5 16v Twin Cam (DOHC) engine, rated at 100 hp (70 kW) @ 6400 rpm and 95 ft·lbf (129 N·m) @ 3200 rpm of torque. With that engine the car take only 10.4 sec. in 0-60 mph. The car was revolutionary to that market at the time, and it was elected Car of the Year in Chile.

The XLi version was basic: no tach and power steering was an option. GLi had power steering, four arm steering wheels, trunk and gas cap remote opening; and three pointed rear seat belts was standard. Finally the LEi was full, it had all the equipment and AC; tachometer; rear seat belts, 175.70.13 tires, with power door locks, power windows with driver's side auto down, and four arm steering wheels. It was offered with either a 5-speed manual transmission or a 4-speed automatic.

By 1998, received multi-reflector headlights, new fascia, bumpers and clear turn signal ligths; in the rear, new mirror style taillights and new bumper. It was a huge success, becoming the second best selling car in Chile for four years.

Dimension growth

The Tercel was meant to be smaller than the Corolla, which it always was throughout its production. However, both the Tercel and the Corolla grew in size, becoming larger than their original sizes; and by the end of its production, the Tercel became almost identical in size to the North American-market '75-'78 Corolla that was current at the time the Tercel was first introduced back in 1980.

Comparison of Tercel and Corolla sizes Dimension '95-'99 Tercel '75-'78 Corolla Length 162.2" (4120 mm) 165.2" (4196 mm) Width 65.4" (1661) 62.4" (1585) Height 53.1" (1374) 54.5" (1384) Wheelbase 93.7" (2380) 93.3" (2370) Curb weight 2322 lb (1053 kg) 2210 lb (1002 kg)

Toyota Soluna

Asia

In Thailand, Toyota reworked the Tercel with different nose and tail, and called Soluna. The Soluna AL50 is powered by 1.5 liter 5A-FE engine, and campaigned as Asian Family Car. The plain Soluna was a big seller in Thailand. Trim levels are XLi, SLi, and GLi. Only the XLi and GLi were sold in Indonesia, where the XLi is common for taxi. Based on the GLi, the Soluna S Limited with body kits was offered in a short time.

Europe and Japan

In Europe and Japan, the Tercel was introduced in 1980; however, in some markets only the sedan was known as the "Tercel," while the hatchbacks were known as the Corolla II. Only the first two generations were sold officially in the UK and Ireland, with the hatchbacks bearing the Tercel name (however used Japanese imports of later Tercels and Corolla IIs also exist).

Both models normally came with a turbocharged 1.5 L diesel engine, although European Tercels were available with several different engines.

The Corolla II was a completely different model from the Corolla, although the latest European Corolla has a hatchback version which is based upon the Japanese Corolla II. Some people referred to this European model as the Corolla II, calling the sedan version the Corolla.

>>Toyota Tacoma

Toyota Tacoma

Toyota Tacoma
Manufacturer	Toyota NUMMI Hino
Production	1995–present
Assembly	Tecate, Mexico Fremont, California Hamura, Japan
Class	Compact pickup truck (1995-2004) Mid-size pickup truck (2005-present)
Body style(s)	2-door truck 4-door truck
Layout	Front-engine, rear-wheel drive/Four-wheel drive

The Toyota Tacoma is a compact pickup truck manufactured by the Toyota Motor Company since 1995. It is essentially the Toyota Hilux modified and rebadged for North America. The second-generation Tacoma was Motor Trend Magazine's Truck of the Year for 2005. Currently, it is America's best selling mid-size or compact-size pickup.

First Generation (1995-2004)

First generation
Production	1995-2004
Engine(s)	2.4 L I4 142 horsepower (106 kW) 2.7 L I4 150 horsepower (112 kW) 3.4 L V6 190 horsepower (142 kW)
Transmission(s)	4-speed automatic 5-speed manual
Wheelbase	103.3 in (2624 mm) 121.9 in (3096 mm)
Curb weight	(3155 lbs) (3877 lbs)
Fuel capacity	57.2 litres (15.1 US gal/12.6 imp gal) 70 litres (18.5 US gal/15.4 imp gal)
Related	Toyota Hilux Toyota Land Cruiser Prado Toyota 4Runner/Hilux Surf Toyota Tundra Toyota T100

The Tacoma name was introduced in 1995, originating from the world-wide Hilux. The Hilux was sold in the United States until 1995 (simply as a "Toyota pickup").

There were a total of three engines available for the Toyota Tacoma: the 2.4 L four cylinder rated at 142 horsepower (106 kW) and 160 ft·lbf (217 N·m) of torque, the 2.7 L four cylinder rated at 150 horsepower (112 kW) and 177 ft·lbf (240 N·m) of torque, and the 3.4 L six cylinder rated at 190 horsepower (142 kW) and 220 ft·lbf (298 N·m) of torque. The 2.4 L engine was only available in the 2wd model, and the 2.7 L was only available in the 4x4 and Pre-Runner models. The 2.4 L gave a highly useful 29 mpg (U.S.) (8 L/100 km) (hwy), the 2.7 L gave 26 mpg (U.S.) (9 L/100 km) (hwy), and the 3.4 L delivered 22 mpg (U.S.) (11 L/100 km) (hwy).

Two-wheel drive Tacomas had 5-stud wheel lug patterns. The 2.4 L and 3.4 L engines were available in this vehicle depending on options. Automatic and manual transmissions were available.

Four-wheel drive Tacomas had six-stud wheel lug patterns, which had been used on the prior pickups (pre-Tacoma trucks). The truck's frame is fully boxed until immediately after the front leaf spring mount bracket where is transitions into a c-frame section. The 3.4 V6's manual transmission was an R150F while the automatic transmission was an A340F (Asian code is 30-40LE). From 95-97 Single cab Tacoma's had the option of a manual transmission with the 3.4 V6 engine. From 98 on, the single cabs only got a 2.7 4-cyl from factory. TRD packages started in 98 (if the V6 engine was selected, you got a differential locker in the rear).

Prerunner models started in 98. They share the same front and rear suspension parts and geometry, frame, styling and engine options as the 4x4 Tacomas of this year range. Prerunner Tacomas also had the option of the TRD Off-Road package which (like the 4x4) got a rear differential locker if it was a V6 model (among other suspension variations). One downside is there was not option of a 5-speed transmission. The V6 Tacoma automatic transmissions were an A340E. Because of the similarities in the Prerunner and 4x4 models, some people have used stock 4x4 Tacoma parts on their Prerunner model to convert it to 4x4.

In its first couple years of production the Tacoma sold very well, attracting many young buyers. The first generation Tacoma underwent a total of two cosmetic facelifts: the first in 1998, and the second in 2001. The facelifts mainly entailed new headlights and grills. Mechanical changes included a switch to distibutorless ignitions (coil-on-plug) in 1997 and in 1998 longer rear leaf springs. All 4x4 models came with Toyota's Automatic Differential Disconnect (ADD) system after the 2000 model year.

The only extra feature in 2001 was a new crew cab (four door) model added to the lineup. This new crew cab model marked a new era in Toyota's history. The crew cab featured four doors, while the extended cabs still opened with two doors. The extended cab featured a 6-foot (2 m) bed while the crew cab featured a 5 foot 5 inch bed. Many customers were upset with small crew cab beds, but most competitors shared this shortcoming.

In 2001, along with the front facelift, Toyota had also unveiled an S-Runner trim package which included the 3.4 liter V6 engine. It came with 16 inch alloy wheels, and a 5 speed manual transmission with Tokico Gas shocks. There were only 200 produced each month from 2001-2004. By 2003 the Tacoma had gained 16.5 percent sales from its previous years. The Tacoma's popularity only increased in the next few years. By 2004 it was ahead of the Nissan Frontier, and Dodge Dakota, but still 2.2 percent behind in sales to the Ford Ranger.

1998-2000 Toyota Tacoma extended cab

2001-2004 Toyota Tacoma Double Cab

Second Generation (2005-Present)

Second generation
Production	2005-present
Engine(s)	2.7 L (159 hp) 4.0 L (236 hp)
Transmission(s)	4-speed automatic 5-speed automatic 5-speed manual 6-speed manual
Curb weight	(3550 lb) (3950 lb)
Fuel capacity	79.9 litres (21.1 US gal/17.6 imp gal)
Related	Toyota Hilux Toyota Land Cruiser Prado Toyota 4Runner/Hilux Surf Toyota Tundra Toyota FJ Cruiser

Toyota Tacoma X-Runner extended cab

At the 2004 Chicago Auto Show, Toyota unveiled a bigger and more powerful Tacoma. This new Tacoma was available in eighteen different configurations, that included three cab configurations, four transmissions, two engines, and two bed lengths. Toyota also introduced an X-Runner trim, which replaces the slow selling S-Runner trim from the previous generation. The X-Runner features a 4.0 liter V6 with a six speed manual transmission, 18 in (457.2 mm)ch alloy wheels, and lowered suspension. The Tacoma's all new 4.0 liter V6 took the place of the original 3.4 liter V6. The new 4.0 liter V6 had many enhancements, such as a new 6500 pound tow rating, and a payload capacity of 1650 pounds. The 4.0 liter produces 236 horsepower and 266 foot-pounds of torque. The smaller, 4 cylinder alternative to the 4.0 in less expensive models is the rated at 159 horsepower (119 kW) and 180 ft·lbf (244 N·m). of torque. At 2.7 liters, it is much different than its predecessor 3RZ-FE, in that it has VVT-i and different build material. Toyota also included a Down-Hill Assist Control (DAC) and Hill-Side Assist Control (HAC), with models that were equipped with the optional Toyota Racing Development (TRD) packages. A locking rear differential, limited-slip differential were also some optional features. Every Tacoma was manufactured with a composite inner bed that includes a deck rail system with four tie down cleats, hook-pins, storage boxes, and a power outlet (models with TRD packages). The tie down cleats are rated to hold up to 220 lb (100 kg). The 2006 model Tacoma was a bit different from the 2005 model. The 2006 model made some options standard. Minor changes have been made to the 2007 models such as new engine which runs on regular gasoline and delivers better fuel economy than the previous models, and the seating system was updated. Toyota also added 2 new interior colors for 2007 model year. 2008 models are carry on's from 2007. The second generation Tacomas are assembled in Fremont, California while the beds are built in Mexico.

AfterMarket

The 2RZ-FE and 3RZ-FE both have a supercharger available through TRD (Toyota Racing Development). The supercharger is manufactured by Alpine Developments. This kit is rated at an increase of 50% horsepower at 8 psi of boost. The most commonly seen is the TRD supercharger available for the 5VZ-FE V6, which is manufactured by Magnuson Products. This particular supercharger is rated to increase horsepower from 190 to 251.

U.S Sales

Tacoma sales in the U.S. have risen steadily in the past few years. By 2004 (calendar year) it lagged the perennial segment leader, the Ford Ranger, by just 2.2%; a year later it was leading by nearly 40% and in 2006, it had extended that lead to an impressive 93%. Toyota sells around 190,000 Tacomas annually. In 2005 Toyota Motor Corporation sold 189,987 Tacomas, better than any other compact pickup in its class. Tacoma sales make about 10 percent of Toyota Motor Corporations annual sales. From March 2006 to March 2007 Tacoma sales have steadily risen. In March of 2006 Toyota sold 9,185 (2x4) Tacoma's, in March 2007 Toyota sold 10,851 (2x4) Tacomas. Over the summer of 2007 Toyota broke records selling over 60,000 Tacomas in a 3 month period. Consumer reports show an increase in sales (up 7.6 percent from August 2006).

Monthly U.S. sales

Jun 2008	May 2008	Apr 2008	Mar 2008	Feb 2008	Jan 2008	Dec 2007	Nov 2007	Oct 2007	Sep 2007	Aug 2007	Jul 2007
								20,155	21,445	19,992	22,987
Jun 2007	May 2007	Apr 2007	Mar 2007	Feb 2007	Jan 2007	Dec 2006	Nov 2006	Oct 2006	Sep 2006	Aug 2006	Jul 2006
20,881	21,929	21,567	20,036	17,236	17,766	17,007	16,554	20,889	19,542	17,887	16,776
Jun 2006	May 2006	Apr 2006	Mar 2006	Feb 2006	Jan 2006	Dec 2005	Nov 2005	Oct 2005	Sep 2005	Aug 2005	Jul 2005
17,542	18,765	19,443	20,442	17,766	15,443	15,566	15,772	16,207	17,887	18,889	17,109

Toyota Racing Development

Since 1996 Toyota added a new Toyota Racing Development (TRD) off road package. The package includes off road tires, 16 inch alloy wheels, TRD shocks, a locking rear differential, and the TRD graphics. In 2003 Toyota introduced a TRD sport package on the Toyota Tundra full-size pickup. This package was not available until 2005 for the Tacoma. This package includes street performance tires, 17 inch alloy wheels, shocks, race inspired hood, and TRD sport graphics. It is also about 200 dollars more expensive than the original TRD off road package.

Trivia

• The name Tacoma comes from a Native American word that refers to Mount Rainier, which is near Tacoma, Washington. Before 1995 it was called the Toyota Hilux outside the U.S. Toyota Truck or Truck in the U.S. market.

• The Tacoma is assembled in Fremont, California, while the beds are made in Mexico. The Tacoma also shares its assembly plant with Saturn Corporation and Pontiac.

• The Tacoma was The Motor Trend truck of the year for 2005.

• The Tacoma has been Intellichoice's Mid-size Truck of The Year for the past five years.

• Toyota recent attempted to reach out to young buyers with a World of Warcraft based ad. Widely circulated in YouTube, the player exclaims he will equip his "Four Wheels of Fury!", and then kills a dragon with it while exclaiming that "I am the Law-Giver!"