>>Lotus-Ford Twin Cam

Lotus-Ford Twin Cam

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Lotus-Ford Twin Cam
Overview
Manufacturer	Lotus Cars
Also called	Lotus TwinCam, Cosworth Mk.XIII, Cosworth Mk.XV
Production	1962–1975
Layout
Configuration	Inline 4
Displacement	1557.46cc
Cylinder bore	82.55mm (3.25")
Piston stroke	72.75mm (2.864173")
Cylinder block alloy	Ford 116E cast iron
Cylinder head alloy	Aluminium
Valvetrain	DOHC, 2 valves / cyl., chain driven
Chronology
Successor	Lotus 907

The Lotus-Ford Twin Cam is a 1557 cc engine developed for the 1962 Lotus Elan and also used in a variety of other vehicles up until the mid 1970s.

Design

Lotus required a low cost, compact, yet powerful engine for the Elan, as the custom-built all-aluminium Coventry Climax FWE used in the Elite was very costly.

Colin Chapman initially chose to use the overhead valve (OHV) cast iron block 997 cc (60.8 cu in) Ford 105E inline four used in the Ford Anglia as the basis of this new engine. While the basic engine design was oriented toward performance (being of oversquare design with individual intake and exhaust ports that are not siamesed), 105E was by no means a performance engine. Soon the 1,339 cc (81.7 cu in) 109E for Ford Consul Classic became available, and most of the development was carried out on this three bearing 109E block.

To achieve the power required, Chapman commissioned Harry Mundy (of BRM V16 fame) to design a dual overhead camshaft (DOHC) conversion. This comprised an aluminium cylinder head and an aluminium front cover and its back plate assembly containing the water pump and the camshaft drive chain. However, the 5 main bearing 1,498 cc (91.4 cu in) version for Consul Capri became available in time for production, and the design was converted on this 116E block, crankshaft and 125E Type C conrods.

After the initial design was finished, Richard Ansdale, as an outside consultant, provided the detail design and drew the plans needed for production. Steve Sanville, a Lotus employee, headed the production engineering team including Mike Costin, Neil Francis and Bob Dance, which incorporated the port shape modifications suggested by Harry Weslake, who conducted a flow bench analysis on the head. Keith Duckworth had already left Lotus, but was responsible for Special Equipment cam design, as well as the assembly of the first two production-specification engines, one of which powered Lotus 23 on its sensational debut at Nürburgring.

Likely reflecting Chapman's obsession (as an engineer, he was known to go to the extreme in lightweight designs) to save weight by using one mechanical part for as many purposes as possible, the water pump used the engine front cover as its housing, making water pump replacement difficult. The intake manifold was cast as an integral part of the cylinder head, making the later heads using Stromberg carburetors not interchangeable with those for Weber or Dell'Orto carburetors. These designs were unique then, and very few have followed suit.

Also notable is that the original camshaft was retained, being driven along with the DOHC cam sprockets by one front-mounted, single-row timing chain; as in the original 116E, it drove the side-mounted distributor and nearby external oil pump/filter assembly, requiring few modifications to the mass-produced iron block.

Originally, the engine had a bore of 3-3/16" (80.9625 mm) and 72.75mm (2.8642 inches) stroke for a capacity of 1,498 cc (91.4 cu in) and produced approximately 100 bhp (75 kW) at 5700rpm. This compares to the original Ford pushrod 116E of about 60 bhp (45 kW) at 4600rpm.

After the initial 50 engines were contracted out and assembled by J.A.Prestwich, the specification was changed to a larger 3-1/4" (82.5500 mm) bore, increasing the capacity to 1,557 cc (95.0 cu in). Only 22 of the 1.5 Litre engines made their way into roadgoing "Elan 1500", the rest being used on Lotus 20B, 22, 23, 26R as well as in Elan and Lotus Cortina prototypes and a LHD Ford Anglia mule, which, fit with one of the first prototype engines, had overtaken a fast Jaguar at well over 100 mph in the hands of Jim Clark on his way back from Goodwood to Scotland. The 1,557 cc (95.0 cu in) displacement of the new specification allowed an overbore of 0.040 in (1.0 mm) as permitted by the FIA regulations, while keeping the cubic capacity below the new FIA 1600 cc class limit.

The name

Chapman named the engine "Lotus Twin-Cam" at its introduction in 1962. However, coinciding with the production switch-over from Cortina-Lotus to the Cortina Twin Cam based on the Ford Cortina Mark II, Ford called the engine the "Lotus-Ford Twin Cam" in 1967. Lotus always called it the Lotus Twin-Cam

Technical

The 1557 cc twincam engine, although often being quoted as 1558 cc, had internal dimensions of 82.55 mm (3.25 inches) bore x 72.75 mm (2.8642 inches) stroke, resulting in a displacement of 1557.46 cc.

The cylinder head has hemispherical combustion chambers similar to that first used by Peugeot on their 1912 Grand Prix car and subsequently refined by Vittorio Janoin the 1920s and 1930s, as well as by Walter Hassan in the 1940s and 1950s, among other notable engineers who continually borrowed ideas from the aeronautics industry. Valve sizes used are 1.530" diameter inlet and 1.325" diameter exhaust on all engines except the "big valve" Elan Sprint, Elan +2 130, and Lotus Europa models. Big Valve have an inlet valve measuring 1.565" diameter. The Elan +2 130 and Europa Special had the specification called the "Special" (126 hp) with intake valve size of 1.575"(40 mm). The valve stem axis inclined 27 degrees from vertical on both intake and exhaust.

The initial cam timing was 15/53/53/15 with the same cam profile as the ET418 Coventry Climax FWE cam, which resulted in 100 bhp at 5700 rpm for the 1.5 Litre with a 9.5:1 compression ratio. The Special Equipment('SE') engines had camshafts developed by Cosworth (CPL1 -Cosworth Production Lotus) with 22/62/62/22 timing and 0.349" lift, which became known as the 'L1' cam. The Elan Sprint engines with larger valves had the same timing with 0.360" lift, and the same timing was used again on the later Lotus 907 engines as well. "Special" spec had 26/66/66/26 timing with 0.362" lift.

For the first years of production, the Lotus blocks were simply selected for the thickest cylinder walls from the standard production line, and identified with an "A" stamped into the timing cover mating face. Later, the blocks were specially cast with twin-cam production in mind and identified with an "L" cast into the block under the engine mount.

The block used in the Twin-Cam came in 6 basic casting versions as listed below. Often the first 4 digits were ground off the block especially prior to 1968. The 3020 was stamped in its place in some engines during the 1967-1968 time period.

The Mark 1 - from 1962 to 1967

The 116E-6015 block with round main bearing caps and 4 bolt crankshaft

The 120E-6015 block with round main bearing caps and 4 bolt crankshaft

The Mark 2 - from 1967-1975

The 3020-6015 block with round main bearing caps and 6 bolt crankshaft

The 681F-6015 block with round main bearing caps and 6 bolt crankshaft

The 681F-6015 block with square main bearing caps and 6 bolt crankshaft

The 701M-6015 block with square main bearing caps and 6 bolt crankshaft

By 1966 all major engine parts – block, crank, rods, pistons and flywheel were unique to the Lotus engine. By the end of production, some 55,000 units had been built.

Applications

• 1962–1974 Lotus Elan
• 1963–1964 Lotus Cortina (made by Lotus)
• 1964–1966 Cortina-Lotus (made by Ford)
• 1966-1970 Lotus 47 (Cosworth Mk.XIII)
• 1967–1970 Cortina Twin Cam (made by Ford)
• 1968–1970 Ford Escort Twin Cam
• 1972–1975 Lotus Europa Type 74
• 1972 Lotus Seven (15 examples at the end of production)
• 1973–1974 Caterham Super Seven

Special Equipment

In order to accommodate Elan and Lotus Cortina customers who wanted a higher performance engine, Lotus sold cars with optional Special Equipment engines, and Lotus Components Ltd sold the parts used in these engines. At first, these were Cosworth developed and assembled engines with cast cranks and Cosworth name plates on the cam cover. However, Cosworth soon distanced themselves from this business, and Lotus started selling 'BRM' equivalents. BRM Phase I consisted of BRM camshafts and high compression cast pistons, and BRM Phase II added Mahle forged pistons, BRM forged conrods, small-end bushes and big-end bolts to the Phase I. When offered in assembled form, these engines carried a BRM name plate on a specially cast 'BRM' cam cover, but the actual assembly of these high performance 'BRM' road engines was carried out by Rubery Owen & Co. Ltd., an affiliated company of BRM through its ownership, not by BRM itself.

The term "Special Equipment" was later converted by Lotus to designate those Series 2 and later Elans with higher output motors, which are referred to as Elan SEs.

Motorsport and Cosworth

Cosworth founders Keith Duckworth and Mike Costin were former employees of Lotus, and with strong ties to Lotus founder Colin Chapman developed this engine for competition use. One of the initial batch became the experimental Cosworth Mk.X (3-3/16" x 72.75mm, 1498 cc) in 1962, then the dry-sump Mk.XII (83.50mm x 72.75mm, 1594 cc, 140 bhp) with racing camshafts designated the 'CPL2' (26/66/66/26) and high compression Cosworth pistons was born in 1963, and used actively by Team Lotus in Lotus 20B, 22, 23 and 23B.

The Mk.XII was further developed by using Cosworth 12 bolt forged steel crankshaft, Cosworth forged conrods, wilder camshafts and Weber 45DCOE for Formula racing to become the Cosworth Mk.XIII (83.50mm x 72.75mm, 1594 cc, 140-150 bhp). This Mk.XIII became a big seller in 1965 when the SCCA created Formula B category in America. As a result, not only did SCCA Formula B practically become a Cosworth-engine class (inherited later by Cosworth BDD when it became Formula Atlantic), helping Cosworth establish its corporate financial base, but ironically this enabled the now-viable engineering firm to move from near-total dependence on Lotus. The proliferation of the Mk.XIII triggered establishment of new European style racing engine builders in the US, performing rebuilding and maintenance work needed on the Mk.XIII, who also contributed to Cosworth's revenue.

Although it still used the Ford iron block, Mk.XIII was a properly developed racing engine that was far from just another souped-up production motor, and its dominance in Formula B was close to being absolute against the main rivals Satta/Hruska designed Alfa Romeo 105/115 1570 cc DOHC unit, and Alex von Falkenhausen designed SOHC 1573 cc BMW M116 engine.

Other Cosworth engines based on Lotus-Ford Twin Cam include Mk.XV (1594 cc, wet sump, 130-140 bhp, for Lotus 26R and Lotus Cortina, almost all for Team Lotus and affiliated teams) and Mk.XVI (1498 cc, dry sump, 140-150 bhp) the 1.5 Liter Class version of Mk.XIII. The Mk.XVI was used by Bob Gerard Racing on Cooper T71/73 for John Taylor at 1964 British Grand Prix, but was no match against Coventry Climax FWMV and BRM P56 V8s, which were generating about 200 bhp.

Cosworth designed its own aluminium reverse-flow 2 valve gear-driven SOHC cylinder head (which shared many basic design attributes with Coventry Climax FWE head) for the same Ford 116E block with a shorter-stroke forged steel crank for 1 Liter Formula 2 to be named SCA (997 cc, 120-140 bhp) in 1964, and then a gear-driven DOHC 4 valve cross-flow aluminium head on the same block with the Mk.XIII forged crank for the new 1.6 Liter Formula 2 named FVA (83.60mm x 72.75mm, 1597 cc, 210-220 bhp) in 1966. This is when the development on Lotus TwinCam ended on the part of Cosworth.

When the customers wanted to race the TwinCam seriously, they turned to Holbay, Vegantune, Novamotor and other engine builders, who carried on the development after 1966 not only for Elan and Cortina, but also for Formula 2, 3 and other categories, which were served later by Brian Hart, Richardson, Wilcox and other newer tuners as well.

The Lotus TwinCam is an enduring engine and even to this day is still used in rallying, hillclimbing, autocross and of course, historic motorsport events. In fact, some may argue that the "twink" is more popular in motorsport now than it was during its production. This, in no small part, is due to the likes of companies such as QED Motorsport or Burton Power who strive to keep the engine in service with hard or impossible to find engine components. QED bought the license to officially re-produce the Twin Cam's cylinder head.

It is not unusual to see 170-180 bhp from a properly built "Lotus TwinCam" on a dyno for Historic Formula races these days (2013) with the advancements in ignition, air/fuel measurement, metallurgy, lubricants and computer-aided manufacturing/development tools, however, it is very little known that this dry-sump steel-crank racing engine is more accurately called Cosworth than Lotus.

Power output

The power output for roadgoing versions are as follows (official figures as claimed by Lotus)

100 bhp (75 kW; 101 PS) Elan 1500

105 bhp (78 kW; 106 PS) Elan 1600, S2, S3

105 bhp (78 kW; 106 PS) Elan S4

115 bhp (86 kW; 117 PS) Elan S2 S/E, S3 S/E, S4 S/E

118 bhp (88 kW; 120 PS) Late Elan S3 S/E

126 bhp (94 kW; 128 PS) Elan Sprint

For Cosworth racing engines, see Cosworth article.

Trivia

Harry Mundy, who designed Lotus TwinCam, was offered the choice of payment for his work of £1000 cash or a royalty of £1 per unit. Colin Chapman had signed a 1000 unit purchase agreement with Coventry Climax for the FWE engine used on Lotus Elite, and was on the last stretch of making 1000 Elites and accepting FWE deliveries in 1961. (The Elite's final factory production volume was 1030, with over 1200 registered with the Lotus Elite World Register currently.)
Mundy took the cash, and the TwinCam went on to be made 55,000 units and beyond.